subversion synonym

McCarthyism was published for the first time in late March of that year in The Christian Science Monitor, and in a political cartoon by Herblock in The Washington Post. This law allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also to bar suspected subversives from entering the country. The Communist Control Act of 1954 was passed with overwhelming support in both houses of Congress after very little debate. Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Although some informal blacklisting continued, the private "loyalty checking" agencies were soon a thing of the past. A number of observers have compared the oppression of liberals and leftists during the McCarthy period to 2000's-era actions against suspected terrorists, most of them Muslims. [60], Although right-wing radicals were the bedrock of support for McCarthyism, they were not alone. [64] Republicans tended to like what McCarthy was doing and Democrats did not, though McCarthy had significant support from traditional Democratic ethnic groups, especially Catholics, as well as many unskilled workers and small-business owners. Blacklists were at work throughout the entertainment industry, in universities and schools at all levels, in the legal profession, and in many other fields. "[21] Truman, a Democrat, was probably reacting in part to the Republican sweep in the 1946 Congressional election and felt a need to counter growing criticism from conservatives and anti-communists.[22]. The play focused on the fact that once accused, a person had little chance of exoneration, given the irrational and circular reasoning of both the courts and the public. Suspicions were often given credence despite inconclusive or questionable evidence, and the level of threat posed by a person's real or supposed leftist associations or beliefs were sometimes exaggerated. In the mid and late 1950s, the attitudes and institutions of McCarthyism slowly weakened. In 1960, Dalton Trumbo, one of the best known members of the Hollywood Ten, was publicly credited with writing the films Exodus and Spartacus. A broad "coalition of the aggrieved" found McCarthyism attractive, or at least politically useful. Some of the notable people who were blacklisted or suffered some other persecution during McCarthyism include: In 1953, Robert K. Murray, a young professor of history at Pennsylvania State University who had served as an intelligence officer in World War II, was revising his dissertation on the Red Scare of 1919–20 for publication until Little, Brown and Company decided that "under the circumstances ... it wasn't wise for them to bring this book out." I am not referring to the Senator from Wisconsin. [75] In many cases, simply being subpoenaed by HUAC or one of the other committees was sufficient cause to be fired. Most of these punishments came about through trial verdicts that were later overturned,[8] laws that were later declared unconstitutional,[9] dismissals for reasons later declared illegal[10] or actionable,[11] or extra-legal procedures, such as informal blacklists, that would come into general disrepute, though by then many lives had been ruined. [28], From 1951 to 1955, the FBI operated a secret "Responsibilities Program" that distributed anonymous documents with evidence from FBI files of communist affiliations on the part of teachers, lawyers, and others. It called for dismissal if there were "reasonable grounds ... for belief that the person involved is disloyal to the Government of the United States. Blacklisted, imprisoned for three months for contempt of Congress: Sabin (1999), p. 75. "[151][152], In its 1958 decision in Kent v. Dulles, the Supreme Court halted the State Department from using the authority of its own regulations to refuse or revoke passports based on an applicant's communist beliefs or associations.[153]. This began at the Army Signal Corps laboratory at Fort Monmouth. She said "freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America", and decried "cancerous tentacles of 'know nothing, suspect everything' attitudes". [37] However, while this usually protected witnesses from a contempt-of-Congress citation, it was considered grounds for dismissal by many government and private-industry employers. Conjugaison; Antonyme; Serruriers Paris; Laboratoire d'Analyses; Widgets webmasters The nation was by no means united behind the policies and activities that have come to be associated with McCarthyism. [1] The term refers to U.S. senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin) and has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting from the late 1940s through the 1950s. It is the use of the big lie and the unfounded accusation against any citizen in the name of Americanism or security. The Gallup poll found that at his peak in January 1954, 50% of the American public supported McCarthy, while 29% had an unfavorable opinion. 2004. Ruhollah Khomeini came from a lineage of small land owners, clerics, and merchants. In one exchange, McCarthy reminded the attorney for the Army, Joseph Welch, that he had an employee in his law firm who had belonged to an organization that had been accused of Communist sympathies. These hearings were televised live on the new American Broadcasting Company network, allowing the public to view first-hand McCarthy's interrogation of individuals and his controversial tactics. [77] After the extremely damaging "Cambridge Five" spy scandal (Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, Kim Philby, Anthony Blunt, et al. [56] The California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities[57] and the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee were established by their respective legislatures. The hunt for "sexual perverts", who were presumed to be subversive by nature, resulted in over 5,000 federal workers being fired, and thousands were harassed and denied employment. [48] The Hatch Act would allow for the reduction of influence of the Workers' Alliance, which was claimed to have been created by the Soviet Union based on a model of their unemployed councils. [26], FBI director J. Edgar Hoover designed President Truman's loyalty-security program, and its background investigations of employees were carried out by FBI agents. At these testimonies, this question was asked: "Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party of the United States? In the context of a loyalty review, membership in a listed organization was meant to raise a question, but not to be considered proof of disloyalty. As had been done numerous times before, the collection of scholars and diplomats associated with Lattimore (the so-called China Hands) were accused of "losing China", and while some evidence of pro-communist attitudes was found, nothing supported McCarran's accusation that Lattimore was "a conscious and articulate instrument of the Soviet conspiracy". This tactic failed, and the ten were sentenced to prison for contempt of Congress. On one occasion he warned that many local anti-communist movements constituted a "general attack not only on schools and colleges and libraries, on teachers and textbooks, but on all people who think and write ... in short, on the freedom of the mind". The House Committee on Un-American Activities – commonly referred to as the HUAC – was the most prominent and active government committee involved in anti-communist investigations. [71][72][73][74], Estimating the number of victims of McCarthy is difficult. In 1953, after he left office, Truman criticized the current Eisenhower administration: It is now evident that the present Administration has fully embraced, for political advantage, McCarthyism. One of the most influential opponents of McCarthyism was the famed CBS newscaster and analyst Edward R. Murrow. [51] By 1957, 140 leaders and members of the Communist Party had been charged under the law, of whom 93 were convicted.[52]. [41] Though he did not block the State Department from carrying out this order, President Eisenhower publicly criticized the initiative as well, telling the graduating class of Dartmouth College President in 1953: “Don’t join the book burners! Many factors contributed to McCarthyism, some of them with roots in the First Red Scare (1917–20), inspired by communism's emergence as a recognized political force and widespread social disruption in the United States related to unionizing and anarchist activities. [3][4] As Richard Rovere wrote in his biography of Joseph McCarthy, "[T]he United States Supreme Court took judicial notice of the rents McCarthy was making in the fabric of liberty and thereupon wrote a series of decisions that have made the fabric stronger than before. Geben Sie eine korrekte Schreibweise an. [14] They used similar terms during the 1930s and the Great Depression when opposing the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Nearly 3,000 seamen and longshoremen lost their jobs due to this program alone.[87]. Dictionnaire des synonymes simple, rapide et gratuit. "[148] In addition, the 1956 Cole v. Young ruling also greatly weakened the ability to discriminate in the federal civilian workforce. "No responsible employer would be likely to take a chance in giving him a job. On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 31. In 1949, a high-level State Department official was convicted of perjury in a case of espionage, and the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb. "[35][36] Among the first film industry witnesses subpoenaed by the committee were ten who decided not to cooperate. Eleven leaders of the Communist Party were convicted under the Smith Act in 1949 in the Foley Square trial. [citation needed][further explanation needed]. Hiss was in effect found guilty of espionage; the statute of limitations had run out for that crime, but he was convicted of having perjured himself when he denied that charge in earlier testimony before the HUAC. [40], McCarthy headed the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1953 and 1954, and during that time, used it for a number of his communist-hunting investigations. These men, who became known as the "Hollywood Ten", cited the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech and free assembly, which they believed legally protected them from being required to answer the committee's questions. … Don’t be afraid to go to the library and read every book so long as that document does not offend our own ideas of decency—that should be the only censorship.”[42] The President then settled for a compromise by retaining the ban on Communist books written by Communists, while also allowing the libraries to keep books on Communism written by anti-Communists. Due to Hoover's insistence upon keeping the identity of his informers secret, most subjects of loyalty-security reviews were not allowed to cross-examine or know the identities of those who accused them. Such viewpoints led to collisions between McCarthyite radicals and supporters of public-health programs, most notably in the case of the Alaska Mental Health Bill controversy of 1956. And when those forced revelations concern matters that are unorthodox, unpopular, or even hateful to the general public, the reaction in the life of the witness may be disastrous. [145] Even before the Faulk verdict, many in Hollywood had decided it was time to break the blacklist. By 1952, several states had enacted statutes against criminal anarchy, criminal syndicalism, and sedition; banned from public employment or even from receiving public aid, communists and "subversives"; asked for loyalty oaths from public servants, and severely restricted or even banned the Communist Party. Documents made public in 2004 revealed that the CIA, under Dulles' orders, had broken into McCarthy's Senate office and fed disinformation to him in order to discredit him and stop his investigation from proceeding any further.[34]. While the Communist Control Act had an odd mix of liberals and conservatives among its supporters, it never had any significant effect. [61], One focus of popular McCarthyism concerned the provision of public health services, particularly vaccination, mental health care services, and fluoridation, all of which were denounced by some to be communist plots to poison or brainwash the American people. [164] Historian Ellen Schrecker states, "in this country, McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did. During the following year, evidence of increased sophistication in Soviet Cold War espionage activities was found in the West. [169], The 1952 Arthur Miller play The Crucible used the Salem witch trials as a metaphor for McCarthyism, suggesting that the process of McCarthyism-style persecution can occur at any time or place. President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9835 of March 21, 1947, required that all federal civil-service employees be screened for "loyalty". On October 20, 1953, Murrow's show See It Now aired an episode about the dismissal of Milo Radulovich, a former reserve Air Force lieutenant who was accused of associating with Communists. Hundreds of communists and others were prosecuted under this law between 1941 and 1957. Harry Slochower was a professor at Brooklyn College who had been fired by New York City for invoking the Fifth Amendment when McCarthy's committee questioned him about his past membership in the Communist Party. Other forces encouraged the rise of McCarthyism. [50] In 1951, 23 other leaders of the party were indicted, including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union. Host of an afternoon comedy radio show, Faulk was a leftist active in his union, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. In the federal government, President Truman's Executive Order 9835 initiated a program of loyalty reviews for federal employees in 1947. [47] Insofar as the various blacklists of McCarthyism were actual physical lists, they were created and maintained by these private organizations. Yielding to the pressure, the State Department ordered its overseas librarians to remove from their shelves "material by any controversial persons, Communists, fellow travelers, etc." The committee soon focused on Communism, beginning with an investigation into Communists in the Federal Theatre Project in 1938. Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy and Madeline Davis. [155] Similarly, David D. Cole has written that the Patriot Act "in effect resurrects the philosophy of McCarthyism, simply substituting 'terrorist' for 'communist'". Similar loyalty reviews were established in many state and local government offices and some private industries across the nation. The 2005 film Good Night, and Good Luck by George Clooney starred David Strathairn as broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow and contained archival footage of McCarthy. For example, in his overridden veto of the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950, President Truman wrote, "In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they have. In Britain, Klaus Fuchs confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War. 3 (OF 3). While the official outcome of the hearings was inconclusive, this exposure of McCarthy to the American public resulted in a sharp decline in his popularity. [154] At the federal level, a few portions of the McCarran Internal Security Act remain in effect. Although the Igor Gouzenko and Elizabeth Bentley affairs had raised the issue of Soviet espionage in 1945, events in 1949 and 1950 sharply increased the sense of threat in the United States related to communism. [163], The opposing view holds that, recent revelations notwithstanding, by the time McCarthyism began in the late 1940s, the CPUSA was an ineffectual fringe group, and the damage done to U.S. interests by Soviet spies after World War II was minimal. It is the corruption of truth, the abandonment of the due process law. In Congress, the primary bodies that investigated Communist activities were the HUAC, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, and the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. ", Reeves, Thomas C. "McCarthyism: Interpretations since Hofstadter. In The Age of Anxiety: McCarthyism to Terrorism, author Haynes Johnson compares the "abuses suffered by aliens thrown into high-security U.S. prisons in the wake of 9/11" to the excesses of the McCarthy era. The University of Minnesota press published his volume, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920, in 1955.[136]. [166][167][168], The 1951 novel The Troubled Air by Irwin Shaw tells the story of the director of a (fictional) radio show, broadcast live at the time, who is given a deadline to investigate his cast for alleged links to communism. ", This page was last edited on 26 May 2021, at 17:19. [140], In 1952, the Supreme Court upheld a lower-court decision in Adler v. Board of Education, thus approving a law that allowed state loyalty review boards to fire teachers deemed "subversive". [82] However, in the context of the highly politicized Cold War environment, homosexuality became framed as a dangerous, contagious social disease that posed a potential threat to state security. Hiram Bingham, chairman of the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board, referred to the new rules he was obliged to enforce as "just not the American way of doing things. [160] John Earl Haynes, while acknowledging that inexcusable excesses occurred during McCarthyism, argues that some contemporary historians of McCarthyism underplay the undemocratic nature of the CPUSA. We must remember always that accusation is not proof and that conviction depends upon evidence and due process of law. [31] Among other purposes, the FBI used its illegally obtained information to alert prosecuting attorneys about the planned legal strategies of NLG defense lawyers. The film was made by those blacklisted: producer and director Martin Ritt; writer Walter Bernstein; and actors Zero Mostel, Herschel Bernardi, Michael Murphy, John Randolph, Lloyd Gough, and Joshua Shelley.[171]. Block later wrote: "nothing [was] particularly ingenious about the term, which is simply used to represent a national affliction that can hardly be described in any other way. Find 30 ways to say DESTROYER, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. In the future, witnesses (in the entertainment industries and otherwise) who were determined not to cooperate with the committee would claim their Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination. On March 9, 1954, See It Now aired another episode on the issue of McCarthyism, this one attacking Joseph McCarthy himself. [157] Other authors who have drawn on a comparison between current anti-terrorism policies and McCarthyism include Geoffrey R. Stone,[158] Ted Morgan,[159] and Jonah Goldberg. Changing public sentiments heavily contributed to the decline of McCarthyism. [2] It was characterized by heightened political repression and a campaign spreading fear of communist influence on American institutions and of espionage by Soviet agents. The more conservative politicians in the United States had historically referred to progressive reforms, such as child labor laws and women's suffrage, as "communist" or "Red plots", trying to raise fears against such changes. [2] After the mid-1950s, McCarthyism began to decline, mainly due to the gradual loss of public popularity and opposition from the U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren. [156], From the opposite pole, conservative writer Ann Coulter devotes much of her book Treason to drawing parallels between past opposition to McCarthy and McCarthyism and the policies and beliefs of modern-day liberals, arguing that the former hindered the anti-communist cause and the latter hinder the War on Terrorism. [76], For the vast majority, though, both the potential for them to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliation were tenuous. ", Selverstone, Marc J. "[170], The 1976 film The Front starring Woody Allen dealt with the McCarthy-era Hollywood blacklist. Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists. [29], The FBI engaged in a number of illegal practices in its pursuit of information on communists, including burglaries, opening mail, and illegal wiretaps. [80][81], Homosexuality was classified as a psychiatric disorder in the 1950s. [139] Six other Republican senators—Wayne Morse, Irving M. Ives, Charles W. Tobey, Edward John Thye, George Aiken, and Robert C. Hendrickson—joined Smith in condemning the tactics of McCarthyism. When President Dwight Eisenhower took office in 1953, he strengthened and extended Truman's loyalty review program, while decreasing the avenues of appeal available to dismissed employees. [147], The Warren Court made a series of rulings that helped bring an end to the McCarthyism. That same year, Mao Zedong's communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy American financial support of the opposing Kuomintang. [82] As the family was believed to be the cornerstone of American strength and integrity,[83] the description of homosexuals as "sexual perverts" meant that they were both unable to function within a family unit and presented the potential to poison the social body. HUAC achieved its greatest fame and notoriety with its investigation into the Hollywood film industry. Marked by AWARE as unfit, he was fired by CBS Radio. In Justice Black's opinion, he wrote of the original "Smith Act" trials: "The testimony of witnesses is comparatively insignificant. The New York Post called the act "a monstrosity", "a wretched repudiation of democratic principles," while The Nation accused Democratic liberals of a "neurotic, election-year anxiety to escape the charge of being 'soft on Communism' even at the expense of sacrificing constitutional rights."[55]. If anyone has a prior claim on it, he's welcome to the word and to the junior senator from Wisconsin along with it. Efforts to protect the United States from the perceived threat of communist subversion were particularly enabled by several federal laws. "[12], The historical period that came to be known as the McCarthy era began well before Joseph McCarthy's own involvement in it. "A Literature So Immense: The Historiography of Anticommunism. The term refers to U.S. senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin) and has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, … The FBI also used illegal undercover operations to disrupt communist and other dissident political groups. Companies that were concerned about the sensitivity of their business, or which, like the entertainment industry, felt particularly vulnerable to public opinion made use of these private services. In the early 21st century, the term is used more generally to describe reckless, unsubstantiated accusations, and demagogic attacks on the character or patriotism of political adversaries. Some of these states had very severe, or even extreme, laws against communism. On June 1, 1950, Senator Margaret Chase Smith, a Maine Republican, delivered a speech to the Senate she called a "Declaration of Conscience". Find 135 ways to say RUIN, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. [56] Death penalty for membership of the Communist Party was discussed in Texas by Governor Allan Shivers, who described it as "worse than murder. Passages of the CPUSA constitution that specifically rejected revolutionary violence were dismissed as deliberate deception. Written and directed by Irwin Winkler, it starred Robert De Niro, Annette Bening, and George Wendt. At this time, he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO. [84] This era also witnessed the establishment of widely spread FBI surveillance intended to identify homosexual government employees. Two of them were sentenced to six months, the rest to a year. Ten defendants were given sentences of five years and the eleventh was sentenced to three years. [69][70], Various historians and pundits have discussed alleged Soviet-directed infiltration of the U.S. government and the possible collaboration of high U.S. government officials. [45] In less than a year, McCarthy was censured by the Senate, and his position as a prominent force in anti-communism was essentially ended.[46]. Historian Ellen Schrecker calls the FBI "the single most important component of the anti-communist crusade" and writes: "Had observers known in the 1950s what they have learned since the 1970s, when the Freedom of Information Act opened the Bureau's files, 'McCarthyism' would probably be called 'Hooverism'. Adhere definition is - to hold fast or stick by or as if by gluing, suction, grasping, or fusing. Titled "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy", it used footage of McCarthy speeches to portray him as dishonest, reckless, and abusive toward witnesses and prominent Americans. [84] McCarthy began his campaign by drawing upon the ways in which he embodied traditional American values to become the self-appointed vanguard of social morality. A significant step for HUAC was its investigation of the charges of espionage brought against Alger Hiss in 1948. The Hatch Act of 1939 banned membership in subversive organizations, which was interpreted as being anti-labor legislation. Hoover's sense of the communist threat and the standards of evidence applied by his bureau resulted in thousands of government workers losing their jobs. He is only important in that his name has taken on the dictionary meaning of the word. We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason, if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine, and remember that we are not descended from fearful men. Fried, Richard M. (1990). Find 7 ways to say SUBVERSION, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. A key figure in the end of the blacklisting of McCarthyism was John Henry Faulk. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested in 1950 in the United States on charges of stealing atomic-bomb secrets for the Soviets, and were executed in 1953. [49] The Alien Registration Act or Smith Act of 1940 made the act of "knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the ... desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association" a criminal offense. “Affect” vs. “Effect”: Use The Correct Word Every Time.

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