example of commentary introduction
The media business is in tumult: from the production side to the distribution side, … 9Some (e.g., Guthrie) would like to minimize this difference. (2) Why would a later writer depend so heavily on Paul’s writings, when so much other NT material would now be available to him? Stand fast in it” [NET]), in harmony, point to its theme. from the original document, still has no shred of textual evidence in its favor, in spite of the recent discovery of P72, the earliest witness to 1 Peter, which contains all of 1 Peter. 49), 306-07. Based on a similar work by Dallas Theological Seminary staff, the 2 volume Bible Knowledge Commentary, I had great expectations for this commentary by Moody's faculty. Even if Petrine authorship for 2 Peter were denied, on the basis of what we know of Peter the Greek of 1 Peter seems too good for him. There is no need to assume up front that there must have been only one purpose in the writing of Philippians. In spite of the strong patristic evidence in favor of Petrine authorship, several scholars have noted internal difficulties which seem to override the early church’s testimony. looks as though it is addressing the entire congregation, the structural break at 4:12 almost necessarily indicates otherwise. Today, however, this is disputed by several scholars. Furthermore, if Peter actually did intentionally use Paul’s associates for the composing and sending of this letter, although Peter might be charged with not being a particularly original thinker, he must be seen as a brilliant strategist. 28Though this may seem to some quite fanciful, not only does it fit the data well (linguistic, historical, doctrinal), but it finds a parallel in another biblical writer. The Responsibilities of a Church in the Midst of Trials (5:1-11). There are also three other visits mentioned in letter: (1) Epaphroditus takes the letter to Philippi (2:25); and (2) Timothy is to make a round trip to Philippi and back to Rome (2:19)7. We have already dealt with two possible dates under “historical objections” to Petrine authorship (viz., during Domitian’s reign and during Trajan’s). Some Pauline influence on Peter’s mind is generally supposed to be required by the content of the epistle, but this would be damaging to Petrine authorship only if two presuppositions can be established. Or if Congress legalized marijuana for Washington, would there not be greater boldness and openness in its use throughout the country? Languages shape the way we think, and determine what we can think about (Benjamin Whorf.). So Kümmel seems to be right in saying that “no one has yet proved that γράφω διά τινος can mean to authorize someone else to compose a piece of writing.”13, Michaels summarizes the meaning of the idiom: “although the characteristic verb is γράφω, ‘to write,’ … the expression refers not to the composition of the letter but to its delivery.”14. What is striking is that these are the same two issues addressed in 4:12–5:11, except that in the longer passage ministry is the work of the elders, who deserve deference and respect for their faithful labors (5:1-5). We will begin with external evidence, as this is … In Acts 16:16-18 Paul encountered a slave girl with a demonic spirit which could foretell the future and by which she earned her masters a great deal of money. The result was that Paul and Silas were thrown into prison after being stripped, beaten, and severely flogged (Acts 16:20-24). And this is in keeping with the fact that Peter knew Jesus in the flesh, while Paul knew him in the spirit. This is an intriguing possibility. Around midnight there was an earthquake and all the prison doors flew open. Learn what elements every argumentative essay should include and how to structure it depending on your audience in this easy step-by-step guide. As a result she also lost the ability to foretell the future which created no little anger on the part of her owners. 10; see also To Furia: Letter 54, par. The death of Paul in 64 CE was the catalyst which caused Peter to want to address Pauline churches. It can be seen throughout this major section that Peter does not compartmentalize his thought as well as does Paul: although he is stressing the indicatives of the faith, he cannot help but admonish his audience along the way (contrasted with Romans and especially Ephesians, the two books on which Peter most heavily relies). . Let’s look at an example which creates a basic lambda function. After Paul had made a point about his Roman citizenship5 to the magistrates who were wishing simply to release them, the missionaries went to the home of Lydia (Acts 16:35-40) and then departed for Apollonia and Thessalonica (Acts 17:1). Much of what is generally regarded as most distinctive in the theology of St. Paul is worked out in opposition to a peculiarly Jewish religious legalism, which was of no concern to the Gentiles for whom First Peter is written. To have passing acquaintance with someone’s writings, or to employ them in block quotations is one thing;27 to be a student of the other is another matter entirely. Surah Al-Baqarah (The Cow) No.2 (286 Verses) Contents of the Surah. Article critique What is an article critique? If, however, Peter is the author, then a date up to 64 CE is allowable.34 However, a date earlier than 64 is not probable because (1) the theme of persecution fits well with the end of Nero’s reign; and (2) the probability that Peter is writing to largely Gentile churches argues for a date shortly after Paul’s death,35 for otherwise Peter would seem to be intruding on Paul’s domain. Related Topics: Introductions, Arguments, Outlines, Daniel B. Wallace has taught Greek and New Testament courses on a graduate school level since 1979. Interestingly, Michaels argues strongly for the former position: … if, as appears likely, 1 Peter was a semi-official communication from the Christian community at Rome (similar in this respect to 1 Clement), addressed as a diaspora letter to a wide circle of congregations on the far frontiers of the Roman Empire, then it need not be assumed that Peter composed it personally. It is the linguistic argument which has proved decisive for many scholars, and in my mind is the most significant objection against Petrine authorship. For example we read in Genesis 7:16, after Noah entered the ark: ".. As God had commanded him.And Jehovah shut him in." (2) Resort to interpolation theories is so thoroughly subjective that it is altogether too facile a means of removing difficulties.32. Indeed, as these seem to be Gentile churches, one wonders what the “apostle to the circumcision” would be doing in writing to those under Paul’s care. . Guthrie comes close to the truth when he writes, “if Paul were now dead (as is most generally supposed) there would be no question of a clash of territories. In fact, as we read the letter, several objectives seem to be in the mind of the apostle. Then, Peter applies the sufferings of Christ once again to believers (4:1-6): we should follow his example (4:1-2), by avoiding our former lifestyle (4:3) and by looking forward to our heavenly hope (4:4-6). It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words. The Admonition to the Servants (2:18-20), a. . The assumption that Peter had professional help in the composition of this letter by no means requires that the name of his amanuensis be known.16. What “angle” to take was especially dictated by the second consideration. Servants: Submit to your Masters (2:18-25), a. But the chief problem of the Caesarean view is the fact that it too, like Rome, is a considerable distance from Philippi. If an amanuensis was used for 2 Peter, it is probably a good thing that his name is not mentioned! As helpful as this response is, it fails at two points: (1) Why would Peter use (virtually) only Paul’s writings, as opposed to other writings, to shape his ideas in this epistle? The religious life of those in Philippi was marked by very syncretistic practices including the worship of the emperor (Julius, Augustus, and Claudius), the Egyptian gods Isis and Serapis, as well as many other deities. Yet, since the content of 4:12–5:11 is virtually the same as 4:7-11, there must be a reason for the repetition. “So strong is the evidence for the use of this epistle in the early church that some scholars have regarded it as proved and maintained that it was considered to be canonical as early as this word had a meaning.”1 There are parallels in Clement of Rome’s Epistle to the Corinthians, Ignatius, Barnabas, and Shepherd of Hermas. Respect: The Key to Living in the World (2:13–3:12), 2. The Responsibilities of the People of God (2:11–4:11), A. In any case he eventually appealed to them, probably in the hope of protecting Lydia, the jailer, and the new Philippian church from legal action taken by the magistrates. But how could Peter himself have become thoroughly acquainted with Paul’s letters within a brief time after Paul’s death? Peter opens his letter with a greeting to “God’s elect” who are scattered in northern Asia Minor (1:1-2). . (1) The extra-canonical data for a Domitianic persecution of Christians in the provinces is quite weak; (2) the very kinds of official persecution occurring in Trajan’s day do not seem to find parallels in this letter—e.g., in Trajan’s reign “a state of affairs is reflected which is a continuation of a past policy, whereas in the latter [1 Peter] a fiery trial seems to be regarded as a new experience (1 Pet. . Two considerations have caused several scholars to see this letter as something of a patchwork effort: (1) the doxology at 4:11 and (2) the different emphasis on persecution after 4:11. Peter concludes this section with a further reason why believers need to depend on God: there is a supernatural enemy who seeks to devour Christians (5:8-9). It should be noted that in the previous section on the suffering of Christ, the focus was on our redemption (2:21-25); in this section, the focus is on Christ’s vindication as seen by his ascension (3:22). Peter first admonishes believers to do good even if they should suffer (3:13-17). Gentile. 2 Gerald F. Hawthorne, Philippians, WBC, ed. 23It is quite probable that Paul’s associates who evangelized these areas were from nearby cities such as Derbe and Lystra. (1-2) Introduction: Daniel’s reason for prayer. One could further point out that since Luke and no other of Paul’s associates were with him in Rome toward the end of his life, as 2 Tim. . The opening verse indicates that “Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ” is the author. Third, Paul, the pastoral theologian, writes to head off the negative teaching and consequences of certain false teachers (3:2-3ff.). It is our contention that this was all by design. However, our contention is that this was Peter’s idea in the first place—and his views were in reality not that far apart from Paul, just unknown to Paul’s audiences. Many scholars do not believe that “I have written to you through Silvanus” in 5:12 indicates that Silvanus was an amanuensis. In fact, its beginnings go back to the fourth century BCE when it was occupied by the Thracians. This illustrates, as Kurt Aland has argued, that radical scholars simply do not pay sufficient attention to hard data; and (2) that Peter’s name would be both quickly and universally associated with the letter rather than Paul’s, when it looks so much like Paul’s letters, is simply baffling. However, we have seen fit to break the “imperative” section down into two large segments because the epistle seems to give three major clues in this direction: (1) only at 2:11 and 4:12 does Peter address his audience as “dear friends,” suggesting something of a major break; (2) the section 2:11–4:11 ends with a doxology, suggesting a major break at that point; and (3) “strictly speaking, the division marker in 2:11 was not the term ‘Dear friends’ by itself, but the whole expression, ‘Dear friends, I appeal to you.’ In part three, the words, ‘I appeal to you,’ do not appear at 4:12 but are deferred to 5:1 . Mediagazer presents the day's must-read media news on a single page. The term Loogaroo possibly comes from the French loup-garou (meaning "werewolf") and is common in the culture of Mauritius. That he would first write to fringe churches—i.e., churches which had been evangelized by Paul’s associates rather than by Paul himself—is only natural since (1) Paul’s primary churches already had a representative (e.g., Ephesus had Timothy); and (2) these fringe churches would be most susceptible to defection and attacks from within and without.40 It was Paul’s death which dictated the audience, the bearer of the letter, and the style (via an amanuensis). But if our thesis is correct, Silvanus was not the mastermind behind this letter, and Peter wanted it to be known that this letter was from him. Finally, against the Ephesian imprisonment is the lack of reference in Philippians to the collection for the poor in Jerusalem, though it is mentioned in every letter known to have been written around the time of Paul’s Ephesian ministry (Rom, 1 and 2 Cor). 6It is of course possible that “written through Silvanus” does not indicate that Silvanus was indeed the amanuensis, but merely the bearer of the letter. First, Peter summarizes believers’ responsibilities before the world: abstain from sin (2:11) and live good lives before non-Christians (2:12). More importantly, however, the author of this letter outshines Paul in his skill in Greek, yet Paul had decidedly better training in the ways of Hellas than Peter. : Through the repetition of the words “one man”, (lines 153, 155, and 157) Cassius emphasizes the incapability of Caesar to rule over Rome alone. 2 Tim. Irenaeus (d. ca. One could conjecture that Luke was the unnamed amanuensis because (1) he was in Rome in 63-64 CE (when we date 1 Peter);17 and (2) the Greek of 1 Peter stands as close to the quality found in Luke-Acts or Hebrews as virtually any other book in the New Testament. 1) Linguistic Objections. 10On the issue of how much freedom an amanuensis might have in composing his master’s work, see our discussion on James’ linguistic abilities. بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيمِ . 42Although it could be argued that the section on servants-masters or the one on wives-husbands does not necessarily relate to the world, it should be noted that (1) there is no reciprocal admonition given to masters; (2) the admonition given to servants only speaks of the masters’ conduct, not their Christian status; (3) the wives are to win their husbands—presumably because they are married to unbelievers. The city was already ancient by the time Paul arrived there around 49 CE (Acts 16:11-40). He speaks to the elders first (5:1-4), urging them to be faithful shepherds; then he addresses the rest of the congregation (5:5), urging them to show respect to the elders. What is usually not mentioned (or if it is, its implications are not seen), however, is that the resemblances between Acts and 1 Peter are more conceptual while the resemblances between Acts and 2 Peter are also linguistic. But the data do not depict Peter as a man of fertile ideas, but as a man of action. Guthrie summarizes: Although it may not have been used as freely in the West as in the East, there is no evidence that it was ever disputed. The 1960s was marked by clashes of ideologies. But just because Paul mentions their renewed interest in giving (i.e., in 4:10) does not necessarily entail the idea that they had not helped him over the previous ten years.
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