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[85] In the texts of Delhi Sultanate era, states Sharma, the term Hindu remains ambiguous on whether it means people of a region or religion, giving the example of Ibn Battuta's explanation of the name "Hindu Kush" for a mountain range in Afghanistan. This block will remain in place until legal guidance changes. [82] In Islamic literature, 'Abd al-Malik Isami's Persian work, Futuhu's-salatin, composed in the Deccan in 1350, uses the word 'hindi' to mean Indian in the ethno-geographical sense and the word 'hindu' to mean 'Hindu' in the sense of a follower of the Hindu religion". [181], Most Hindus are found in Asian countries. [55][56], The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the local Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear. As in India, Indonesian Hindus recognises four paths of spirituality, calling it Catur Marga. [63] Scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon. William Shakespeare (bapt. The waters of Tambraparni, which were once white with sandal paste, [58] Pollock presents many such examples and suggests an emerging Hindu political identity that was grounded in the Hindu religious text of Ramayana, one that has continued into the modern times, and suggests that this historic process began with the arrival of Islam in India. Trudy King et al (1996), Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Routledge. The top twenty-five countries with the most Hindu residents and citizens (in decreasing order) are India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, United States, Malaysia, Myanmar, United Kingdom, Mauritius, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad and Tobago, Singapore, Fiji, Qatar, Kuwait, Guyana, Bhutan, Oman and Yemen. [64] Distinguishing Indian traditions is a fairly recent practice, states Lipner, and is the result of "not only Western preconceptions about the nature of religion in general and of religion in India in particular, but also with the political awareness that has arisen in India" in its people and a result of Western influence during its colonial history. "Full of" must be connected with "angels." [138] The tradition and temples likely existed well before the medieval era Hindu manuscripts appeared that describe them and the sacred geography. For example, the twelve Jyotirlingas of Shaivism and fifty-one Shaktipithas of Shaktism are described in the early medieval era Puranas as pilgrimage sites around a theme. [103] Hindus also have shared texts such as the Vedas with embedded Upanishads, and common ritual grammar (Sanskara (rite of passage)) such as rituals during a wedding or when a baby is born or cremation rituals. ), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict. filmvf.in a su préserver sa place grâce à sa fidélité au streaming français complet totalement gratuit et grâce également à la disponibilité du service 24/24 et 7/7 en illimité sans abonnement et sans coupure. Ever since Lincoln wrote it in 1864, this version has been the most often reproduced, notably on the walls of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. "[83] One of the earliest uses of word 'Hindu' in religious context in a European language (Spanish), was the publication in 1649 by Sebastiao Manrique. [177], Hindu nationalism in India, states Katharine Adeney, is a controversial political subject, with no consensus about what it means or implies in terms of the form of government and religious rights of the minorities. [69] After India, the next 9 countries with the largest Hindu populations are, in decreasing order: Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, United States, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. [103][106] A Hindu could: In the Constitution of India, the word "Hindu" has been used in some places to denote persons professing any of these religions: Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism or Sikhism. Gold medal for brutality: She was the prodigy who scored seven perfect tens at the 1976 Olympics. Abraham Eraly (2000), Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals, Penguin Books. [74][d] It was used as the name of the Indus River and also referred to its tributaries. TS Rukmani (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass. Their sacred texts are also the Vedas and the Upanishads. [51][52], The historical meaning of the term Hindu has evolved with time. [54][a][b] Hindoo is an archaic spelling variant, whose use today may be considered derogatory. [58][60] The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma (Hinduism) and contrasted it with Turaka dharma (Islam). [130] Similarly, there is an organic relation of Sikhs to Hindus, states Zaehner, both in religious thought and their communities, and virtually all Sikhs' ancestors were Hindus. 71, No. James Minahan (2012), Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. [85] In the 11th-century text of Al Biruni, Hindus are referred to as "religious antagonists" to Islam, as those who believe in rebirth, presents them to hold a diversity of beliefs, and seems to oscillate between Hindus holding a centralist and pluralist religious views. [131], Julius Lipner states that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs is a modern phenomena, but one that is a convenient abstraction. These orientalists included all Indian religions such as Buddhism as a subgroup of Hinduism in the 18th century. The various sub-divisions and separation of subgroup terms were assumed to be result of "communal conflict", and Hindu was constructed by these orientalists to imply people who adhered to "ancient default oppressive religious substratum of India", states Pennington. These wars were described not just using the mythical story of Rama from Ramayana, states Chattopadhyaya, the medieval records used a wide range of religious symbolism and myths that are now considered as part of Hindu literature. [79][75], Among the earliest known records of 'Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by the Buddhist scholar Xuanzang. For more information about the German court case, and the reason for blocking all of Germany rather than single items, visit PGLAF's information page about the German lawsuit. Xuanzang uses the transliterated term In-tu whose "connotation overflows in the religious" according to Arvind Sharma. It is named after Colonel Alexander Bliss, stepson of historian George Bancroft. This is documented in Islamic literature such as those relating to 8th century Muhammad bin-Qasim,[142] 11th century Mahmud of Ghazni,[143][144] the Persian traveler Al Biruni,[145] the 14th century Islamic army invasion led by Timur,[146] and various Sunni Islamic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. This, states Fleming, is apparent given the sophistication of the architecture and the sacred sites along with the variance in the versions of the Puranic literature. Your IP address: 46.226.14.177 It broadly refers to non-Muslims. [...], During the colonial era, the term Hindu had connotations of native religions of India, that is religions other than Christianity and Islam. Christophe Jaffrelot (2007), Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, Princeton University Press. Peter van der Veer (1994), Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, Ram-Prasad, C. "Contemporary political Hinduism" in. They laughed and shouted and pointed, and all talked together, and after a while there was music, and presents were taken from the … - And there came unto me one of the seven angels which had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues. [77], Al-Biruni's 11th-century text Tarikh Al-Hind, and the texts of the Delhi Sultanate period use the term 'Hindu', where it includes all non-Islamic people such as Buddhists, and retains the ambiguity of being "a region or a religion".   rows of iron spikes with human skulls dangling at the points, [169] In the 20th century, the sense of religious nationalism grew in India, states van der Veer, but only Muslim nationalism succeeded with the formation of the West and East Pakistan (later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh), as "an Islamic state" upon independence. Leslie Orr (2014), Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God, Oxford University Press, Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), page 37. [161][163], Chris Bayly traces the roots of Hindu nationalism to the Hindu identity and political independence achieved by the Maratha confederacy, that overthrew the Islamic Mughal empire in large parts of India, allowing Hindus the freedom to pursue any of their diverse religious beliefs and restored Hindu holy places such as Varanasi. In the highways which were once charming with anklets sound of beautiful women, [64][65][c], At more than 1.2 billion,[68] Hindus are the world's third largest group after Christians and Muslims. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. [155][156][157] In the modern era, religious persecution of Hindus have been reported outside India in Pakistan and Bangladesh. [63][f], Beyond the stipulations of British law, colonial orientalists and particularly the influential Asiatick Researches founded in the 18th century, later called The Asiatic Society, initially identified just two religions in India – Islam, and Hinduism. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. [136][137], The idea of twelve sacred sites in Shiva Hindu tradition spread across the Indian subcontinent appears not only in the medieval era temples but also in copper plate inscriptions and temple seals discovered in different sites. [124] The poetry of this period contrasts Hindu and Islamic identities, states Nicholson, and the literature vilifies the Muslims coupled with a "distinct sense of a Hindu religious identity". John Mansfield (2005), The Personal Laws or a Uniform Civil Code?, in Religion and Law in Independent India (Editor: Robert Baird), Manohar. Learn more. Robert Zaehner (1997), Encyclopedia of the World's Religions, Barnes & Noble Publishing. Gerald Larson states, for example, that Hindu nationalists have sought a uniform civil code, where all citizens are subject to the same laws, everyone has equal civil rights, and individual rights do not depend on the individual's religion. We apologize for this inconvenience. Cynthia Talbot (2000), Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia (Editors: David Gilmartin, Bruce B. Lawrence), University Press of Florida. The 14th-century Sanskrit text, Madhuravijayam, a memoir written by Gangadevi, the wife of Vijayanagara prince, for example describes the consequences of war using religious terms,[120]. In this article the seven states of consciousness is explored. If your IP address is shown by Maxmind to be outside of Germany and you were momentarily blocked, another issue is that some Web browsers erroneously cache the block. For more information about the legal advice Project Gutenberg has received concerning international issues, visit PGLAF's International Copyright Guidance for Project Gutenberg, Automated translation (via Google Translate): translate.google.com. Use the Maxmind GeoIP demo to verify status of your IP address. Man lives in three relative states of Consciousness: Waking, ... Sacrifice alone can give us Liberation or Self-Actualisation and the Ultimate Bliss Earth's pains are the ransom of its prisoned delights For Joy and not for sorrow was earth made (Aurobindo). Death is like ablution after the ceremony. [51] These colonial studies, states Pennigton, "puzzled endlessly about the Hindus and intensely scrutinized them, but did not interrogate and avoided reporting the practices and religion of Mughal and Arabs in South Asia", and often relied on Muslim scholars to characterise Hindus. The all is mind; the universe is mental. Religious conflict in India 1700–1860, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. Despite the commonplace use of the term "Hindu" for the followers of the Hindu religion, the term also continues to designate a cultural identity, the ownership of India's millennia-old cultural heritage.   are now heard ear-piercing noises of Brahmins being dragged, bound in iron-fetters, [58] Temples dedicated to deity Rama were built from north to south India, and textual records as well as hagiographic inscriptions began comparing the Hindu epic of Ramayana to regional kings and their response to Islamic attacks. Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass. [168], The colonial era Hindu revivalism and mobilisation, along with Hindu nationalism, states Peter van der Veer, was primarily a reaction to and competition with Muslim separatism and Muslim nationalism. It was so called, wrote Ibn Battuta, because many Indian slaves died there of snow cold, as they were marched across that mountain range. [60], One of the earliest but ambiguous uses of the word Hindu is, states Arvind Sharma, in the 'Brahmanabad settlement' which Muhammad ibn Qasim made with non-Muslims after the Arab invasion of northwestern Sindh region of India, in 712 CE. Apple’s all-new iMac features a much more compact and remarkably thin design, the breakthrough M1 chip for powerful performance, and a gorgeous … [125], Overlaps in Jain-Hindu identities have included Jains worshipping Hindu deities, intermarriages between Jains and Hindus, and medieval era Jain temples featuring Hindu religious icons and sculpture. [84] The term Hindu was later used occasionally in some Sanskrit texts such as the later Rajataranginis of Kashmir (Hinduka, c. 1450) and some 16th- to 18th-century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava texts, including Chaitanya Charitamrita and Chaitanya Bhagavata. Gail Minault (1982), The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India, Columbia University Press. [75] While Xuanzang suggested that the term refers to the country named after the moon, another Buddhist scholar I-tsing contradicted the conclusion saying that In-tu was not a common name for the country. But now, writes TOM LEONARD, secret police files reveal the shocking truth of … [75][76][77] The people of India were referred to as Hinduvān (Hindus) and hindavī was used as the adjective for Indian in the 8th century text Chachnama. The Seven Deadly Sins is a classic interpretation of seven basic concepts that will lead your soul to ruin. [177] Hindu nationalists seek that the legal age for marriage be eighteen that is universally applied to all girls regardless of their religion and that marriages be registered with local government to verify the age of marriage. Hindus celebrating their major festivals, Colonial-era usage (18th to 20th century), Hindu identity amidst other Indian religions. [90] In early colonial era Anglo-Hindu laws and British India court system, the term Hindu referred to people of all Indian religions as well as two non-Indian religions: Judaism and Zoroastrianism. Bliss, who lives in Neilston with 18-year-old sister Codi and brothers Junior and Sonny, aged five and three, was sent some badges and balloons by the charity to thank her for her support. LAS VEGAS (KLAS) — A Las Vegas couple celebrated a huge milestone Friday. The Principle of Mentalism. Daryl Hannah, 58, and Neil Young, 73, are the image of youthful wedded bliss as they enjoy bike ride in Oregon. [90] In the 20th-century, personal laws were formulated for Hindus, and the term 'Hindu' in these colonial 'Hindu laws' applied to Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs in addition to denominational Hindus. This principle embodies the understanding that everything in the universe is created by thought or mind. We tested bras and bralettes from 19 brands to find the most comfortable, best bras within a range of 30- to 48-inch band and AA to I cup sizes. Referrer URL (if available): (none) Consciousness, at its simplest, is sentience or awareness of internal and external existence. Thus, the Supreme Court was forced to consider the question whether Jainism is part of Hinduism in 2005 and 2006. [125] Even among Hinduism denominations such as Shaivism and Vaishnavism, the Hindu identities, states Leslie Orr, lacked "firm definitions and clear boundaries". The Bliss copy, named for Colonel Alexander Bliss, Bancroft's stepson and publisher of Autograph Leaves, is the only draft to which Lincoln affixed his signature. [59][g], Andrew Nicholson, in his review of scholarship on Hindu identity history, states that the vernacular literature of Bhakti movement sants from 15th to 17th century, such as Kabir, Anantadas, Eknath, Vidyapati, suggests that distinct religious identities, between Hindus and Turks (Muslims), had formed during these centuries. : Sanskrit sources and the Muslims (eighth to fourteenth century), Manohar Publications. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million (94.3% of world Hindu population), live in India, according to India's 2011 census. [147][148][149] There were occasional exceptions such as Akbar who stopped the persecution of Hindus,[149] and occasional severe persecution such as under Aurangzeb,[150][152][h] who destroyed temples, forcibly converted non-Muslims to Islam and banned the celebration of Hindu festivals such as Holi and Diwali. [49][50] Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent. [122] Chattopadhyaya, and other scholars,[123] state that the military and political campaign during the medieval era wars in Deccan peninsula of India, and in the north India, were no longer a quest for sovereignty, they embodied a political and religious animosity against the "otherness of Islam", and this began the historical process of Hindu identity formation. [164] A few scholars view Hindu mobilisation and consequent nationalism to have emerged in the 19th century as a response to British colonialism by Indian nationalists and neo-Hinduism gurus. [57][61] The Christian friar Sebastiao Manrique used the term 'Hindu' in religious context in 1649. Pashaura Singh states, "in Persian writings, Sikhs were regarded as Hindu in the sense of non-Muslim Indians". [116] According to Sheen and Boyle, Jains have not objected to being covered by personal laws termed under 'Hindu',[116] but Indian courts have acknowledged that Jainism is a distinct religion.[117]. [81], The text Prithviraj Raso, by Chanda Baradai, about the 1192 CE defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan at the hands of Muhammad Ghori, is full of references to "Hindus" and "Turks", and at one stage, says "both the religions have drawn their curved swords;" however, the date of this text is unclear and considered by most scholars to be more recent. [132][135] Shakti temples, dated to a few centuries later, are verifiable across the subcontinent. [161][162] Hindus viewed this development as one of divided loyalties of Indian Muslim population, of pan-Islamic hegemony, and questioned whether Indian Muslims were a part of an inclusive anti-colonial Indian nationalism. At seven o’clock a bell was rung, and then the folding doors of the room where the Christmas tree stood were thrown open, and a crowd of children came trooping in. Ronald Inden (2001), Imagining India, Indiana University Press, para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, Uttar Pradesh v. Sachiv, U.P. [178], According to Pew Research, there are over 1.2 billion Hindus worldwide (15% of world's population), with over 94.3% of them concentrated in India. Each worldview, the Christian worldview included, must deal with the following issues: The ultimate reality of the universe The nature of the universe The nature of humanity The question of what happens to… [124], Scholars state that Hindu, Buddhist and Jain identities are retrospectively-introduced modern constructions. Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1998), Representing the other? A kindly thing it is to have compassion of the afflicted and albeit it well beseemeth every one, yet of those is it more particularly required who have erst had need of comfort and have found it in any, amongst whom, if ever any had need thereof or held it dear or took pleasure therein aforetimes, certes, I am one of these. Jeaneane Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, Stella Kramrisch (1958), Traditions of the Indian Craftsman, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. For other uses, see. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus. Starting after the 10th century and particularly after the 12th century Islamic invasion, states Sheldon Pollock, the political response fused with the Indic religious culture and doctrines. [70] These together accounted for 99% of the world's Hindu population, and the remaining nations of the world together had about 6 million Hindus in 2010. [158][159][160], Christophe Jaffrelot states that modern Hindu nationalism was born in Maharashtra, in the 1920s, as a reaction to the Islamic Khilafat Movement wherein Indian Muslims championed and took the cause of the Turkish Ottoman sultan as the Caliph of all Muslims, at the end of the World War I. [54] By the 16th century, the term began to refer to residents of the subcontinent who were not Turkic or Muslims. [77] The term 'Hindu' in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term and did not refer to a religion. Date: Thursday, 27-May-2021 02:04:54 GMT. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21 August 2006, Supreme Court of India, Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? Ida Bagus Sudirga (2009), Widya Dharma – Agama Hindu, Ganeca Indonesia, IGP Sugandhi (2005), Seni (Rupa) Bali Hindu Dalam Perspektif Epistemologi Brahma Widya, Ornamen, Vol 2, Number 1, pp. [49] One need not be religious in the minimal sense, states Julius Lipner, to be accepted as Hindu by Hindus, or to describe oneself as Hindu. Meditate in pure bliss at this $7.9 million gem in Tall Timbers. [175][176] A specific law, contentious between Hindu nationalists and their opponents in India, relates to the legal age of marriage for girls. [162] The Hindu nationalism ideology that emerged, states Jeffrelot, was codified by Savarkar while he was a political prisoner of the British colonial empire. in. The Yadava king of Devagiri named Ramacandra, for example states Pollock, is described in a 13th-century record as, "How is this Rama to be described.. who freed Varanasi from the mleccha (barbarian, Turk Muslim) horde, and built there a golden temple of Sarngadhara". Browser: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/84.0.4147.89 Safari/537.36 [119] According to Chattopadhyaya, the Hindu identity and religious response to Islamic invasion and wars developed in different kingdoms, such as wars between Islamic Sultanates and the Vijayanagara kingdom (Karnataka), and Islamic raids on the kingdoms in Tamil Nadu. Or, clearing the history of your visits to the site. [131] Some Hindu families brought up a son as a Sikh, and some Hindus view Sikhism as a tradition within Hinduism, even though the Sikh faith is a distinct religion. commitment to transform the lives of so many people. Film and TV actress Boti Bliss had a unique childhood growing up in a teepee in Aspen Colorado without electricity or running water. [180] Along with Christians (31.5%), Muslims (23.2%) and Buddhists (7.1%), Hindus are one of the four major religious groups of the world. Verse 9. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hi[n]dush, referring to northwestern India. Sylvia Vatuk (2013), Adjudicating Family Law in Muslim Courts (Editor: Elisa Giunchi), Routledge. The historiographic writings in Telugu language from the 13th- and 14th-century Kakatiya dynasty period presents a similar "alien other (Turk)" and "self-identity (Hindu)" contrast. 281, pages 224–230. – The Kyballion. [62], Other prominent mentions of 'Hindu' include the epigraphical inscriptions from Andhra Pradesh kingdoms who battled military expansion of Muslim dynasties in the 14th century, where the word 'Hindu' partly implies a religious identity in contrast to 'Turks' or Islamic religious identity. The term 'Hindu' meant people who were non-Muslims, and it included Buddhists of the region. 11, Issue 3, pages 283–319. Katharine Adeney and Lawrence Saez (2005), Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism, Routledge. All IP addresses in Germany are blocked. [51][54] By the mid-19th century, colonial orientalist texts further distinguished Hindus from Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains,[51] but the colonial laws continued to consider all of them to be within the scope of the term Hindu until about mid-20th century. [51], According to Pennington, the terms Hindu and Hinduism were thus constructed for colonial studies of India. Blocked at germany.shtml Rachel Sturman (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Timothy Lubin et al), Cambridge University Press. RC Zaehner (1992), Hindu Scriptures, Penguin Random House. [165][166][167] Jaffrelot states that the efforts of Christian missionaries and Islamic proselytizers, during the British colonial era, each of whom tried to gain new converts to their own religion, by stereotyping and stigmatising Hindus to an identity of being inferior and superstitious, contributed to Hindus re-asserting their spiritual heritage and counter cross examining Islam and Christianity, forming organisations such as the Hindu Sabhas (Hindu associations), and ultimately a Hindu-identity driven nationalism in the 1920s. [182], The fertility rate, that is children per woman, for Hindus is 2.4, which is less than the world average of 2.5. [132][133][134] This sacred geography and Shaiva temples with same iconography, shared themes, motifs and embedded legends are found across India, from the Himalayas to hills of South India, from Ellora Caves to Varanasi by about the middle of 1st millennium. Lester Kurtz (Ed. They have some secrets for you on paving the way to a long-lasting marriage. [64], Scholars such as Fleming and Eck state that the post-Epic era literature from the 1st millennium CE amply demonstrate that there was a historic concept of the Indian subcontinent as a sacred geography, where the sacredness was a shared set of religious ideas. [137], The Hindus have been persecuted during the medieval and modern era. Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. Despite millennia of analyses, definitions, explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists, consciousness remains puzzling and controversial, being "at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives". Brandon Mitchell, 31, is pictured on August 28 wearing a T-shirt with a picture of King and the words, 'GET YOUR KNEE OFF OUR NECKS' and 'BLM,' for Black Lives Matter.

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