guerre angleterre afghanistan

La deuxième guerre anglo-afghane opposa de 1878 à 1880 le Royaume-Uni à l’Afghanistan, nation gouvernée par Shir Ali Khan, fils de l’émir Dost Mohammed Khan de la dynastie Barakzaï. [30] The British took fifty prisoners who were brought before Shuja, where one of them stabbed a minister to death with a hidden knife. [20], With Ayub Khan defeated, the war was officially over and the British selected and supported a new Amir - Abdur Rahman Khan son of Muhammad Afzal and nephew of the former Amir Sher Ali. By 1865 Tashkent had been formally annexed, as was Samarkand three years later. Our eventual evacuation of the country resembled the retreat of an army defeated”.[89]. "India and Afghanistan, 1876", p. 183. 333–81 from, Yapp, M.E. [44] In 1840, the British strongly pressured Shuja to replace the feudal system with a standing army, which threatened to do away with the power of the chiefs, and which the Emir rejected under the grounds that Afghanistan lacked the financial ability to fund a standing army. Dost Mohamed returned from exile in India to resume his rule. [82] One British NCO fled from Gandamak to Gujrat India on foot according to a source cited from The Times of 2 March 1843 by Farrukh husain who writes: "The oddest account of escape from Gundamuck concerns that of a dark skinned faqir who appeared in India in rags but was in fact a Scottish non commissioned officer who fled all the way to a British army Camp Deesa in Gujrat India, Background. "[59] That same day, a mob "thirsting for blood" appeared outside of the house of the East India Company's second political officer, Sir Alexander 'Sekundar' Burnes, where Burnes ordered his sepoy guards not to fire while he stood outside haranguing the mob in Pashto, attempting unconvincingly to persuade the assembled men that he did not bed their daughters and sisters. Meanwhile, General Pollock, who had taken command of a demoralized force in Peshawar used it to clear the Khyber Pass to arrive at Jalalabad, where General Sale had already lifted the siege. [72], On 9 January 1842, Akbar sent out a messenger saying he was willing to take all of the British women as hostages, giving his word that they would not be harmed, and said that otherwise his tribesmen would show no mercy and kill all the women and children. [78] Akbar Khan provided them with warm tea and a fine meal before telling them that they were all now his hostages as he reckoned the East India Company would pay good ransoms for their freedom, and when Captain Skinner tried to resist, he was shot in the face. 333–81 from, Yapp, M.E. In addition, the stores and supplies were in a separate fort, 300 yards from the main cantonment. With them was William Hay Macnaghten, the former chief secretary of the Calcutta government, who had been selected as Britain's chief representative to Kabul. [16], With British forces occupying much of the country, Sher Ali's son and successor, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, signed the Treaty of Gandamak in May 1879 to prevent a British invasion of the rest of the country. L'armée britannique occupant alors l'essentiel de son pays, le fils et successeur de Shir Ali, Mohammad Ya'qub Khan, ratifia le traité de Gandomak en mai 1879, essentiellement pour éviter une annexion pure et simple. "This morning a strange man came into camp, covered with hair, and almost naked his face burnt very much; he turned out to be Lance-Sergeant Philip Edwards of the Queen's 44th Regiment who escaped at the general slaughter at Gundamuch, Affghanistan, and after travelling 15 months in a southerly direction by the sun, he found his way into camp here, not knowing where he was."" A peace treaty recognizing the independence of Afghanistan was signed at Rawalpindi (now in Pakistan) on August 8, 1919, and was amended in 1921. A month later, having rescued the prisoners and demolished the city's main bazaar as an act of retaliation for the destruction of Elphinstone's column, they withdrew from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass. Cette technique d'exécution aurait été une « spécialité » des femmes de la tribu pachtoune des Afridi[17],[18]. Six months later, on 28 June 2004, at the NATO Summit in … At the same time as the attacks on the garrison at Kabul, Afghan forces beleaguered the other British contingents in Afghanistan. Despite besieging the British garrison there, he failed to maintain the Siege of Sherpur, instead shifting focus to Roberts' force, and this resulted in the collapse of this rebellion. [12], Abandoning the provocative policy of maintaining a British resident in Kabul, but having achieved all their other objectives, the British withdrew from the region. [12][13] Dost Mohammad had recently lost a strategic city of Peshawar to the Sikh Empire and was willing to form an alliance with Britain if they gave support to retake it, but the British were unwilling. [18] Burnes in fact had no power to negotiate anything, and Harlan complained that Burnes was just stalling, which led to Dost Mohammad expelling the British diplomatic mission on 26 April 1838. Last edited on 15 November 2020, at 23:39, Learn how and when to remove this template message, http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=zarena-aslami-the-second-anglo-afghan-war-or-the-return-of-the-uninvited, https://www.thoughtco.com/britains-second-war-in-afghanistan-1773763, https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Anglo-Afghan-War, "- 49 - Afghanistan as a Buffer State between Regional Powers in the Late Nineteenth Century", Afghanistan 1878-1880 The Build-Up to Conflict, Afghanistan: A Short Account of Afghanistan, Its History, and Our Dealings with It, Online Afghan Calendar with Historical dates, Frederick Roberts and the long road to Kandahar, Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library, Afghanistan & the British Raj : The Second Afghan War & its Aftermath, Royal Geographical Society of South Australia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Anglo-Afghan_War&oldid=988906860, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Battle of Khushk-i-Nakud (British victory), Battle of Asmai Heights* (Afghan victory), Second Infantry Brigade Brigadier General J. [53] After their defeat, which led to the rebels fleeing to the mountains, Macnaughten overplayed his hand by demanding that the chiefs who rebelled now send their children to Shuja's court as hostages to prevent another rebellion. See Operation Toral, Operation Herrick, and Operation Veritas.. The British Army then withdrew. This was principally because the Indians in the 2nd Bengal Cavalry failed to follow their officers who charged towards Dost Mohammed, "The explanation offered by the cavalrymen for not fighting was "that they object to the English sabres" . The Second Anglo-Afghan War (Pashto: د افغان-انګرېز دويمه جګړه‎) was a military conflict fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880, when the latter was ruled by Sher Ali Khan of the Barakzai dynasty, the son of former Emir Dost Mohammad Khan. The war was part of the Great Game between the British and Russian empires. [65] Lady Sale brought with her 40 servants, none of whom she named in her diary while Lieutenant Eyre's son was saved by a female Afghan servant, who rode through an ambush with the boy on her back, but he never gave her name. Le premier chapitre d’Une étude en rouge comporte un bref récit de la deuxième guerre afghane. As early as 1838, Count Karl Nesselrode, the Russian Foreign Minister, had suggested to the British Ambassador in St. Petersburg, Lord Clanricarde, that Britain and Russia sign a treaty delimiting spheres of influence in Asia to end the "Great Game" once and for all. [66] For several months afterwards, what had once been Shuja's army was reduced to begging on the streets of Kabul as Akbar had of all of Shuja's mercenaries mutilated before throwing them on the streets to beg. Le traité de Gandamak durera jusqu'à l'éclatement en 1919 d'un nouveau conflit à la suite duquel l'Afghanistan gagnera une indépendance complète. [31] The British troops blew up one city gate and marched into the city in a euphoric mood. [15] Dost Mohammad had in fact invited Count Witkiewicz to Kabul as a way to frighten the British into making an alliance with him against his archenemy Ranjit Singh, the Maharaja of the Punjab, not because he really wanted an alliance with Russia. Presque tous les soldats britanniques et indiens se retirèrent du pays. [33] Macnaughten, who had once been a judge in a small town in Ulster before deciding he wanted to be much more than a small town judge in Ireland, was known for his arrogant, imperious manner, and was simply called "the Envoy" by both the Afghans and the British. A new Amir - Abdur Rahman Khan selected by the British, ratified and confirmed the Gandamak treaty once more. Macnaghten secretly offered to make Akbar Afghanistan's vizier in exchange for allowing the British to stay, while simultaneously disbursing large sums of money to have him assassinated, which was reported to Akbar Khan. Lady Sale wrote in her diary on 2 November 1841: "This morning early, all was in commotion in Kabul. Elles les exécutaient aussi en leur urinant dans la bouche[10]. [60] The only person who took action that day was Shuja who ordered out one of his regiments from the Bala Hissar commanded by a Scots mercenary named Campbell to crush the riot, but the old city of Kabul with its narrow, twisting streets favored the defensive with Campbell's men coming under fire from rebels in the houses above. In 1893, Mortimer Durand was despatched to Kabul by British India to sign an agreement with Rahman for fixing the limits of their respective spheres of influence as well as improving diplomatic relations and trade. The British war in Afghanistan The war in Afghanistan spanned the tenures of three prime ministers, and cost the lives of 453 British service personnel and thousands of Afghans. A. Tytler, Fourth Infantry Brigade Brigadier General W. Browne, First Infantry Brigade Brigadier General A. H. Cobbe, Second Infantry Brigade Brigadier General J. [28], By late March 1839 the British forces had crossed the Bolan Pass, reached the southern Afghan city of Quetta, and begun their march to Kabul. The departing British contingent numbered around 16,500, of which about 4,500 were military personnel, and over 12,000 were camp followers. Le héros, Ashton Pelham Martyn (Ashok) est envoyé comme espion à Kaboul, où son meilleur ami est nommé chef de la mission Cavagnari. The standard Afghan weapon was a matchlock rifle known as the jezail. On 31 December 2003, the military component of the Kunduz PRT was placed under ISAF command as a pilot project and first step in the expansion of the mission. [18], Major General Sir Frederick Roberts led the Kabul Field Force over the Shutargardan Pass into central Afghanistan, defeated the Afghan Army at Charasiab on 6 October 1879, and occupied Kabul two days later. [14] The British could have had an alliance with the Punjab or Afghanistan, but not both at the same time. Yaqub Khan, suspected of complicity in the massacre of Cavagnari and his staff, was obliged to abdicate. [49] The British commander, Major-General George Keith Ephinstone who arrived in April 1841 was bed-ridden most of the time with gout and rheumatism. [35] Unlike Stoddart, Dost Mohammad was able to escape from the dungeon in August 1841 and fled south to Afghanistan. "[69] Lady Sale took a bullet in her wrist while she had to watch as her son-in-law Sturt had "...his horse was shot out from him and before he could rise from the ground he received a severe wound in the abdomen". [52] The monthly subsidies, which were effectively bribes for the Ghazi chiefs to stay loyal, was reduced from 80,000 to 40,000 rupees at a time of rampant inflation, and as the chiefs' loyalty had been entirely financial, the call of jihad proved stronger. The chosen location was indefensible, being low and swampy with hills on every side. Shir Ali, catastrophé, essaya en vain d'en appeler au tsar de Russie en personne, puis se réfugia à Mazâr-e Charîf, où il mourut le 21 février 1879[5]. Le livre s'achève sur la chute de Bala Hissar à Kaboul, et le massacre des Britanniques et de leurs auxiliaires après d'âpres combats (presque tous les détails sont tirés de sources d'époque) ; le héros et sa femme s'enfuient à cheval vers l'Himalaya. In his private quarters, he would take a bath with his Afghan mistress in the hot water of lust and pleasure, as the two rubbed each other down with flannels of giddy joy and the talc of intimacy. It was one of the first major conflicts during the Great Game, the 19th century competition for power and influence in Central Asia between Britain and Russia. [56] Shuja was so unpopular that many of his ministers and the Durrani clan joined the rebellion[57], On the night of 1 November 1841, a group of Afghan chiefs met at the Kabul house of one of their number to plan the uprising, which began in the morning of the next day. The First Anglo-Afghan War (Pashto: د افغان-انگرېز لومړۍ جګړه‎, also known by the British as the Disaster in Afghanistan)[3] was fought between the British Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842. The war was split into two campaigns - the first began in November 1878 with the British invasion of Afghanistan. [citation needed] A meeting for direct negotiations between Macnaghten and Akbar was held near the cantonment on 23 December, but Macnaghten and the three officers accompanying him were seized and slain by Akbar Khan. On the first day, the retreating force made only five miles and as Lady Sale wrote about their arrival at a village of Begramee: "There were no tents, save two or three small palls that arrived. I could not believe my own eyes or ears. Lord Auckland's plan was to drive away the besiegers and replace Dost Mohammad with Shuja Shah Durrani, who had once ruled Afghanistan and who was willing to ally himself with anyone who might restore him to the Afghan throne. Sinhai, Damodar Prasad. [69] One of the British officers sent to negotiate with Akbar heard him say to his tribesmen in Dari (Afghan Farsi) – a language spoken by many British officers – to "spare" the British while saying in Pashto, which most British officers did not speak, to "slay them all". The units awarded this battle honour were: War between British Empire and Emirate of Afghanistan (1839-1842), Fromkin, David "The Great Game in Asia" pp. [21], British India at this time was a proprietary colony run by the East India Company, which had been granted the right to rule India by the British Crown. [11], Many of the women and children were taken captive by the Afghan warring tribes; some of these women married their captors, mostly Afghan and Indian camp followers who were wives of British officers. After recovering prisoners, they withdrew from Afghanistan by the end of the year. Macnaghten's body was dragged through the streets of Kabul and displayed in the bazaar. 333–81 from, Yapp, M.E "British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India" pp. [62] After hearing of the defeat of his regiment, Shuja descended into what Kaye called "a pitiable state of dejection and alarm", sinking into a deep state of depression as it finally dawned on him that his people hated him and wanted to see him dead. [25] Shuja recruited 6,000 Indian mercenaries ("Shah Shujah's Levy")[26] out of his pocket for the invasion. "Retreat From Kabul: The Catastrophic Defeat In Afghanistan, 1842". [69] The gentle, kindly, but naive and gullible Elphinstone continued to believe that Akbar Khan was his "ally", and believed his promise that he would send out the captured supplies if he stopped the retreat on 8 January. Before signing the final document with the British, the Afghans concluded a treaty of friendship with the new Bolshevik regime in the Soviet Union. Macnaghten who just been appointed the governor of Bombay was torn between a desire to leave Afghanistan on a high note with country settled and peaceful vs. a desire to crush the Ghazis, which lead him to temporize, at one moment threatening the harshest reprisals and the next moment, compromising by abandoning his demand for hostages. The Church of St. John the Evangelist located in Navy Nagar, Mumbai, India, more commonly known as the Afghan Church, was dedicated in 1852 as a memorial to the dead of the conflict. [21] The East India Company's army totaled 200,000 men, making it one of the largest armies in the entire world, and was an army larger than those maintained by most European states. L'été même, elle envoya une mission diplomatique à Kaboul. [60] The mob then attacked the home of the paymaster Johnston who was not present, leading to later write when he surveyed the remains of his house that they "gained possession of my treasury by undermining the wall...They murdered the whole of the guard (one officer and 28 sepoys), all my servants (male, female, and children), plundered the treasury...burnt all my office records...and possessed themselves of all my private property". Children taken from the battlefield at the time who were later identified in the early part of the 20th century to be those of the fallen soldiers were brought up by Afghan families as their own children.[83][84][85][86][87]. [20] By April 1881 all British and Indian troops had left Afghanistan, but British Indian agents were left behind to smooth liaison between the governments. [16] Burnes himself had complained that Lord Auckland's letter was "so dictatorial and supercilious as to indicate the writer's intention that it should give offense", and tried to avoid delivering it for long as possible. In taking this fortress, they suffered 200 men killed and wounded, while the Afghans lost upwards of 1000 men in the British massacre of the Ghazni inhabitants and an unknown number of Afghan women [11] 1,600 Afghans were taken prisoner with an unknown number wounded. When the British and Indian soldiers had withdrawn, the Afghans agreed to let the British attain all of their geopolitical objectives, as well as create a buffer between the British Raj and the Russian Empire. [69] Johnson described "murderous fire" that forced the British to abandon all baggage while camp followers regardless of sex and age were cut down with swords. [20] Shuja Shah had been deposed in 1809 and been living in exile in British India since 1818, collecting a pension from the East India Company, which believed that he might be useful one day. [21] But at this point, Auckland was committed to putting Afghanistan into the British sphere of influence and nothing would stop him from going ahead with the invasion. [74] Lady Sale wrote that as she was taken back to Kabul she noticed: "The road was covered with awful mangled bodies, all naked". In August 1842 General Nott advanced from Kandahar, pillaging the countryside and seizing Ghazni, whose fortifications he demolished. In 1839–40, the entire rationale for the occupation of Afghanistan was changed by the Oriental Crisis when Mohammad Ali the Great, the vali (governor) of Egypt who was a close French ally, rebelled against the Sublime Porte; during the subsequent crisis, Russia and Britain co-operated against France, and with the improvement in Anglo-Russian relations, the need for a buffer state in Central Asia decreased. Le ghazi Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak organisa la résistance et attaqua l'armée britannique au camp de Sherpur, près de Kaboul, en décembre 1879 : ce fut un échec cuisant. Les captifs britanniques étaient attachés sur le sol et leur bouche maintenue entrouverte par un bâton ou un morceau de bois ; les femmes pachtounes urinaient à tour de rôle jusqu'à l'asphyxie du condamné[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16]. leading to the creation of a new North-West Frontier Province. 37–38. : "The Revolutions of 1841–2 in Afghanistan" pp. Princeton: Princeton Legacy Library, 1980. p. 379, Yapp, M.E. This final phase of the UK’s combat operations in Afghanistan, known as Operation Herrick, will come to an end on 31 December 2014. [68] Despite Akbar Khan's promise of safe conduct, the Anglo-Indian force was repeatedly attack by the Ghilzais, with one especially fierce Afghan attack being beaten off with a spirited bayonet charge by the 44th Foot. [71] The camp followers captured by the Afghans were stripped of all their clothing and left to freeze to death in the snow. "[11], The majority of the British troops returned to India, leaving 8,000 in Afghanistan, but it soon became clear that Shuja's rule could only be maintained with the presence of a stronger British force. The First Anglo-Afghan War (Pashto: د افغان-انگرېز لومړۍ جګړه ‎, also known by the British as the Disaster in Afghanistan) was fought between the British Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842. Dans les nouvelles du cycle de Sherlock Holmes, on retrouve de loin en loin des allusions à la blessure de fusil jezaïl reçue par Watson lors de ce conflit ; mais Conan Doyle évoque tantôt une blessure à l'épaule, tantôt à la jambe du célèbre médecin. [11], The second campaign ended in September 1880 when the British decisively defeated Ayub Khan outside Kandahar. Cette guerre, où les Britanniques réalisèrent tous leurs objectifs géopolitiques, s'acheva par le traité de Gandamak : presque tous les soldats britanniques et indiens se retirèrent du pa… [39] A popular ditty among the British troops was: "A Kabul wife under burkha cover, Was never known without a lover". [77] On the evening of 11 January 1842, General Elphinstone, Captain Shelton, the paymaster Johnston, and Captain Skinner met with Akbar Khan to ask him to stop his attacks on the column. The Anglo-Indian soldiers fought their way over the corpses of the camp followers with heavy losses to themselves. L'invasion britannique et le traité de Gandamak, Chronologie de la deuxième guerre anglo-afghane, Frederick Roberts et la route de Kandahar, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seconde_guerre_anglo-afghane&oldid=170149867, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Page géolocalisable sans coordonnées paramétrées, Conflit militaire géolocalisable sans coordonnées paramétrées, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, Bataille des collines d'Asmaï (victoire afghane), Évacuation de Kandahar (et de l’Afghanistan). [22] The Afghan tribes maintained internal rule and local customs, and provided a continuing buffer between the British Raj and the Russian Empire. [39] 'Ata wrote: "Burnes was especially shameless. [8] The main goal of Nicholas's foreign policy was not the conquest of Asia, but rather upholding the status quo in Europe, especially by co-operating with Prussia and Austria, and in isolating France, as Louis Philippe I, the King of the French was a man whom Nicholas hated as an "usurper". Initially, the British successfully intervened in a succession dispute between emir Dost Mohammad (Barakzai) and former emir Shah Shujah (Durrani), whom they installed upon conquering Kabul in August 1839. [62] Lady Sale was highly critical of Elphinstone's leadership, writing: "General Elphinstone vacillates on every point. [78] Command now fell to Brigadier Thomas Anquetil. An asterisk (*) indicates a clasp was awarded for that particular battle with the Afghanistan Medal. [78], The evacuees were killed in huge numbers as they made their way down the 30 miles (48 km) of treacherous gorges and passes lying along the Kabul River between Kabul and Gandamak, and were massacred at the Gandamak pass before a survivor reached the besieged garrison at Jalalabad. As the occupation dragged on, the East India Company's first political officer William Hay Macnaghten allowed his soldiers to bring their families to Afghanistan to improve morale;[36] this further infuriated the Afghans, as it appeared the British were setting up a permanent occupation. The combined British forces defeated all opposition before taking Kabul in September. At Gandamak, some 20 officers and 45 other ranks of the 44th Foot regiment, together with some artillerymen and sepoys, armed with some 20 muskets and two rounds of ammunition to every man, found themselves at dawn surrounded by Afghan tribesmen. [33] The British officers staged horse races, played cricket and in winter ice skating over the frozen local ponds, which astonished the Afghans who had never seen this before. [11], The Company sent an envoy to Kabul to form an alliance with Afghanistan's Amir, Dost Mohammad Khan against Russia. [40] Some of these relationships ended in marriage as Dost Mohammad's niece Jahan Begum married Captain Robert Warburton and a Lieutenant Lynch married the sister of a Ghilzai chief. [48] Palmerston noted that because the British had more money to bribe local rulers in Central Asia, this gave them the advantage in this "game", and it was thus better to keep the "Great Game" going. B. Thelwell, First Infantry Brigade Brigadier General R. Barter, Second Infantry Brigade Brigadier General W. Hughes, Cavalry Brigade Brigadier General C. H. Palliser, First Infantry Brigade Brigadier General R. Lacy, Second Infantry Brigade Brigadier General Nuttall, This page was last edited on 15 November 2020, at 23:39. The Russians kept well out of Afghan internal affairs, with the exception of the Panjdeh incident three years later, resolved by arbitration and negotiation after an initial British ultimatum.[24]. [29] A deserter, Abdul Rashed Khan, a nephew of Dost Mohammad Khan, informed the British that one of the gates of the fortress was in bad state of repair and might be blasted open with a gunpowder charge. Les Britanniques envisagèrent alors divers scénarios politiques, dont l'émiettement de l’Afghanistan en principautés, ou l'avènement du frère de Yaqoub, Mohammad Ayub Khan (en), mais leur choix se porta finalement sur un de ses cousins, Abdur Rahman Khan, qui devint ainsi émir. Roberts then led the main British force from Kabul and decisively defeated Ayub Khan on 1 September at the Battle of Kandahar, bringing his rebellion to an end. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. 15. [19] Ghazi Mohammad Jan Khan Wardak, and a force of 10,000 Afghans, staged an uprising and attacked British forces near Kabul in the Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment in December 1879. [48] Through Britain rejected the Russian offer, after 1840 there was a marked decline in Anglo-Russian rivalry and a "fair working relationship in Asia" had developed. Here are the battles and actions in chronological order. In a way, they really didn't. Le major-général Frederick Roberts fit traverser à l'Armée de Kaboul le défilé de Shutargard, marcha vers le centre de l'Afghanistan, défit l’Armée afghane à Char Asiab le 6 octobre 1879, et occupa Kaboul. Lady Butler's famous painting of Dr. William Brydon, initially thought to be the sole survivor, gasping his way to the British outpost in Jalalabad, helped make Afghanistan's reputation as a graveyard for foreign armies and became one of the great epics of empire. Dost Mohammad is reported to have said: I have been struck by the magnitude of your resources, your ships, your arsenals, but what I cannot understand is why the rulers of so vast and flourishing an empire should have gone across the Indus to deprive me of my poor and barren country.[82]. The Qajar dynasty of Persia, with Russian support, attempted the Siege of Herat. The other eight PRTs operating in Afghanistan in 2003 remained under the command of Operation Enduring Freedom, the continuing US-led military operation in Afghanistan. ', First Afghan War (Battle of Kabul and retreat to Gandamak), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Anglo-Afghan_War&oldid=988102888, History of the Corps of Engineers (Indian Army), 19th-century military history of the United Kingdom, Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe, Articles with disputed statements from January 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 16th, 35th, 37th, 48th Bengal Infantry – mutinied in 1857. The emperor of Russia has sent an envoy to Kabul to offer...money [to the Afghans] to fight Rajeet Singh!!! L’officier britannique John Masters signale dans son autobiographie qu’au cours de la deuxième guerre anglo-afghane, les femmes pachtounes des provinces nord-ouest des Indes châtraient les soldats prisonniers non-musulmans, comme les Britanniques et les Sikhs[8],[9]. [64] Five days later, the withdrawal began. "[2] Shuja Shah by 1838 was barely remembered by most of his former subjects and those that did viewed him as a cruel, tyrannical ruler who, as the British were soon to learn, had almost no popular support in Afghanistan. Russian control then extended as far as the northern bank of the Amu Darya. (1911). On 23 July 1839, in a surprise attack, the British-led forces captured the fortress of Ghazni, which overlooks a plain leading eastward into the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. [47] By 1840 Clanricarde was reporting to London that he was quite certain a mutually satisfactory agreement could be negotiated, and all he needed was the necessary permission from the Foreign Office to begin talks.

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