25 avril portugal

Principal Real, Viewpoints Segue-se o fim do PREC e um período de estabilização política. Entre as medidas imediatas da revolução conta-se a extinção da polícia política (PIDE/DGS) e da Censura. [citation needed], Independence movements began in the African colonies of Portuguese Mozambique, Portuguese Congo, Portuguese Angola, and Portuguese Guinea. In the aftermath of the revolution, a new constitution was drafted, censorship was prohibited, free speech was permitted, political prisoners were released and the Portuguese overseas territories in sub-Saharan Africa were granted independence. Torre de Belem However, after a long power struggle, moderates gained the upper hand and by 1986, Portugal's position among Western democracies was sealed by its entry into the European Union. > 24 hours > 3 Days > 1 Week > Day trips > Beaches. Setúbal, ville rouge (França/Portugal 1975), documentário histórico (em português e francês), p/b e cor 16 mm, 93 min, de Daniel Edinger, retratando a organizacão do poder popular em Setúbal em Outubro 1975. I wish I’d known all this back then, I would have made sure to pay more attention and head to the Christ the King monument for an awesome photo op! Il présente deux niveaux : le plus élevé est destiné aux automobiles tandis que le niveau inférieur, ajouté en 1999, permet le passage des trains. O golpe militar do dia 25 de abril tem a colaboração de vários regimentos militares que desenvolvem uma ação concertada. Despite repeated radio appeals from the "captains of April" (the MFA) advising civilians to stay home, thousands of Portuguese took to the streets – mingling with, and supporting, the military insurgents. The Portuguese military was overstretched and there was no political solution in sight. The country is marking the anniversary with rock concerts, TV series, special edition magazines, book launches and an endless series of tributes to the now grey-haired "Captains of April" who spearheaded the coup. Although Lourenco, Saraiva de Carvalho and many others were African combat veterans, they quickly sat down with their former foes in Africa to negotiate peace deals that ended colonial rule. Madeira, Porto [1][8] Este movimento surgiu por volta de 1973, baseando-se inicialmente em reivindicações corporativistas como a luta pelo prestígio das forças armadas,[9] acabando por atingir o regime político em vigor. Cascais beach guide [37], A January 2011 story in the Diário de Notícias (a Portuguese tabloid newspaper) reported that the government of Portugal encouraged overspending and investment bubbles in public-private partnerships between 1974 and 2010, and the economy has been damaged by risky credit, public debt creation and mismanaged European structural and cohesion funds for almost four decades. Cascais as a day trip O país permaneceu pobre até à década de 1960, sendo consequência disso um significativo acréscimo da emigração. O locutor de serviço nessa emissão é Leite de Vasconcelos, jornalista e poeta moçambicano. [full citation needed] In January 1976, The government pledged to restore the illegally-occupied land to its owners in 1976, and enacted the Land Reform Review Law the following year. Nationwide commemorations include dozens of protest events organized on social media. [citation needed], During the 1961–74 Portuguese Colonial War (a counterinsurgency against guerrillas), Portuguese Congo, Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique (colonies at the time) experienced economic growth in the production of oil, coffee, cotton, cashews, coconuts, timber, minerals (including diamonds), metals (such as iron and aluminium), bananas, citrus, tea, sisal, beer, cement, fish and other seafood, beef and textiles. [19][31][32][33], According to government estimates, about 900,000 hectares (2,200,000 acres) of agricultural land were seized between April 1974 and December 1975 as part of land reform; about 32 percent of the appropriations were ruled illegal. Estes colocaram-nos nos canos das espingardas. To ensure solid foundations of the Lisbon suspension bridge the south tower extends for 79m below the water level deep into the solid bed rock. This was followed by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola in 1975. April 22, 2014. Lisbon's best hotels The toll to cross the Ponte 25 de Abril is €1.50 for cars. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Marshall, Michael William. [37][38] A guerra colonial tornava-se tema forte de discussão e era assunto de eleição para as forças anti-regime. However, its actual “twin bridge” is the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. The Estado Novo, in … Due to revolutionary economic policies, oil shocks, recession in Europe and the return of hundreds of thousands of overseas Portuguese from its former colonies, Portugal began an economic crisis in 1974–1975. The outbreak of colonial wars in Africa set off significant social changes, among them the rapid incorporation of women into the labour market. The Catholic Church, however, still sought to impede other missionary activity. Finding a wedding photographer Even with the additional capacity the bridge grinds to a halt during rush hour and an average of 150,000 cars cross the bridge each day. "April 25 is seen as a great day, a historic day that saw the fall of fascism and contributed to the freedom of all our peoples.". East Timor was invaded by Indonesia, and would be occupied until 1999. After a long period of one-party rule, Guinea-Bissau experienced a brief civil war and a difficult transition to civilian rule in 1998. Tram No.12 This massive bridge closely resembles that of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco and the date name remembers the Portuguese Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974. A consequence of the Carnation Revolution was the sudden withdrawal of Portuguese administrative and military personnel from its overseas colonies. Ferry guide Although its corporate headquarters was in mainland Portugal, it had branches, plants and projects throughout the Portuguese Empire (especially in the territories of Cabinda, Angola and Mozambique). Il reste 250 jours avant la fin de l'année. "The policies being implemented now have nothing to do with April 25.". The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução dos Cravos), also known as the 25 April (Portuguese: 25 de Abril), was initially a 25 April 1974 military coup in Lisbon which overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime. Oposição à ditadura portuguesa: ditadura militar (1926-1933) e Estado Novo (1933-1974), Continuar a Viver ou Os Índios da Meia-Praia, Scenes from the Class Struggle in Portugal, Agrupamento de Escolas Comandante Conceição e Silva, ORIGINALIDADE E AS PRINCIPAIS CARACTERÍSTICAS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO PORTUGUESA, Da constituição do Estado Novo Português (1993), Comunicado: O "Movimento", as Forças Armadas e a Nação, Cronologia do 25 de Abril de 1974 - ver 20h00, Diário do Governo n.º 113, Série I de 15 de Maio de 1974, Decretos nº 203/74 e nº 204/74, Jornal Expresso - nº 155 de 1 de Dezembro de 1975, Tomás e Caetano: duas divisões da política, Grupo de Escolas Comandante Conceição da Silva, A repressão política de Salazar e a revista de economia, O Estado, as relações salariais e o bem-estar social na semi-periferia: o caso português, Ideologia, economia e política: a questão colonial na implantação do Estado Novo, "Orgulhosamente Sós"? If you disagree with any of our links or recommendations, please let us know. Portugal passará por um período conturbado de cerca de dois anos, comummente designado por PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso), em que se confrontam facções de esquerda e direita, por vezes com alguma violência, sobretudo em ações organizadas no Norte. Portugal tour packages optimize the cost of multiple services such as transfers, transportation, hotels, entry to events and in some cases include meals. Top 10 Portugal A primeira reunião clandestina de capitães foi realizada em Bissau, em 21 de agosto de 1973. Parque Nações O Terreiro do Paço é ocupado às primeiras horas da manhã. [21] Younger military-academy graduates resented Caetano's programme of commissioning militia officers who completed a brief training course and had served in the colonies' defensive campaigns at the same rank as academy graduates. [38], The constitution of 1976 guarantees all religions the right to practice, and non-Catholic groups are recognised as legal entities with the right to assemble. No dia 14 de março o governo demite os generais Spínola e Costa Gomes dos cargos de Vice-Chefe e Chefe de Estado-Maior General das Forças Armadas, alegadamente por estes se terem recusado a participar numa cerimónia de apoio ao regime. Click here to get the best deal. This occurred shortly after the publication of Spínola's book, Portugal and the Future, which expressed his political and military views of the Portuguese Colonial War. Elevador de Santa Justa [4][5][6], Esta ação foi liderada por um movimento militar, o Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA), composto na sua maior parte por capitães[7] que tinham participado na Guerra Colonial e que tiveram o apoio de oficiais milicianos. May include 5 star. It opened on 6 August 1966 as the Salazar Bridge, named after Estado Novo leader António de Oliveira Salazar. Is Lisbon a good destination for families? Portugal had a taste of democracy in 1969, and Caetano authorised the country's first democratic labour-union movement since the 1920s. A economia cresceu bastante, em particular no início da década de 1950. During Caetano's time in office, he made minor attempts at political reform that did not appease those opposing the government. Prime Minister José Sócrates' cabinet was unable to foresee or forestall this when symptoms first appeared in 2005, and could not ameliorate the situation when the Portugal was on the verge of bankruptcy in 2011 and required financial assistance from the International Monetary Fund and the European Union. Lisbon to Sintra, Cascais introduction [citation needed]. Portugal prepares to celebrate next Sunday the so-called Carnation revolt that ended with a decrepit rightist dictatorship and turned the country to a modern thrusting democracy. Six hours later, the Caetano government relented. A labyrinth of narrow streets hides authentic Lisbon, Ancient castles & opulent palaces - the best day trip from Lisbon. Several military officers who opposed the war formed the MFA to overthrow the government in a military coup. Total output (GDP at factor cost) had grown by 120 percent in real terms. Caetano and President Américo Tomás fled to Brazil; Caetano spent the rest of his life there, and Tomás returned to Portugal a few years later. Lisbon to Porto Tour, Lisbon beach guide Batalha guide The bridge was originally named Salazar Bridge (Ponte Salazar) but after the bloodless revolution in 1974 the name was changed to the date of the revolution and symbolically the brass name of the bridge was replaced. As primeiras imagens do 25 de Abril foram divulgadas na televisão alemã (ver Cravos de Abril). Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 23h11min de 28 de agosto de 2020. "It was the most original revolution of the 20th century," veteran Socialist politician Jose Magalhaes told a parliamentary gathering this week. Sesimbra guide Metro guide [40] Este documento é posto a circular clandestinamente. [36], Real gross domestic product growth resumed as a result of Portugal's economic resurgence since 1985. [citation needed], The war had a profound impact on the country. O problema surge com a ocupação unilateral e forçada dos enclaves portugueses de Goa, Damão e Diu, em 1961. There were an estimated 102,800 conflict-related deaths from 1974 to 1999 (about 18,600 killings and 84,200 deaths from hunger and illness), most of which occurred during the Indonesian occupation.[25]. Today it is the 27th largest. They took less than 24 hours to bring down Europe's longest-lived dictatorship and signal the end of the last colonial empire in Africa. Shopping in Lisbon In 1933, the regime was recast and renamed Estado Novo (New State). Beautiful beaches, culture and atmosphere, the best resort near Lisbon, Airport guide and onward travel from the airport. Com o seu talento, ergue a voz e faz-se ouvir: com ele, a democracia em Portugal está garantida e o país livre da "ameaça comunista". Top 10 beaches The builders purposely painted the 25th of April Bridge “International Orange” – the same color as San Francisco’s Golden Gate – because the reddish hue stands out against the thick fog that occasionally envelops both bridges. The toll used to be free during August but since the financial depression struck Portugal the toll is applied all year round. Os sectores mais conservadores de direita tendem a lamentar o que se passou. Ramalho Eanes, militar em Angola no 25 de Abril, o sisudo oficial que adere ao MFA fora de horas, o extemporâneo general que na televisão se esconde por trás de uns óculos de sol, ganha as presidenciais de 27 de junho de 1976. S’il est une date symbolique au Portugal, c’est celle du 25 avril. [54] Na sequência dos trabalhos desta assembleia é elaborada uma nova Constituição, de forte pendor socialista, e estabelecida uma democracia parlamentar de tipo ocidental. Angola began a decades-long civil war which involved the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa, and the United States. À retenir : Le climat au Portugal en avril va de favorable à peu favorable selon les régions et les villes. Some of the insurgents put carnations in their gun barrels, an image broadcast on television worldwide[22] which gave the revolution its name. Apolonia train station [carece de fontes?]. Uma grande parte da produção da ARD nessa época não consta em arquivo, o mesmo sucedendo com a CBS, o que leva a temer que a maior parte desse património se encontre perdido. Lisbon's best museums Cais do Sodré station [citation needed], After the revolution, the MFA began to negotiate with African pro-independence guerrillas. Atrocities such as the Wiriyamu Massacre undermined the war's popularity and the government's diplomatic position, although details of the massacre are still disputed. Lisbon or Florence You can ride across the bridge on the trip from Lisbon to Evora or on the commuter lines that travel across the river from the center of Lisbon to the suburb of Almada. Carvoeiro, Coimbra, Faro, Cost to visit Lisbon The international community censured the Estado Novo regime for refusing to grant independence to its colonies in Africa. To Christo Rei Statue Durante o Estado Novo, Portugal foi sempre considerado como um país governado por uma ditadura[18][19] pela oposição ao regime,[20] pelos observadores estrangeiros e até mesmo pelos próprios dirigentes do regime. Le pays doit commémorer la date symbolique de la “révolution des œillets” ce samedi 25 avril. Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho insists the rigor is paying off. We were just in Lisbon a few weeks ago and rode over this bridge. Soldiers and civilians celebrate the victory of the Portuguese military uprising with carnations on April 25, 1974. The soldiers did not use their guns, and stuck flowers in the barrels instead. Os vários conflitos[35] forçavam Salazar e o seu sucessor Caetano a gastar uma grande parte do orçamento do Estado na administração colonial e nas despesas militares. Along with the similar appearances both bridges are located in regions of high possible seismic activity and their designs are almost identical. [citation needed], Portugal's Estado Novo government was initially tolerated by its NATO partners due to its anti-communist stance. a entrada em BARRETO, António; MÓNICA, Maria Filomena. "None of us had ever heard of an army intervening to bring democracy, surely it's normally the other way round.". Forças do BC9 de Viana do Castelo tomam o Aeroporto de Pedras Rubras. Nos finais de década de 1960, o regime exilava-se, envelhecido, num ocidente de países em plena efervescência social e intelectual. Pont du 25 avril : un peu d’histoire… La construction du pont est comme dit précéd emment, à l’initiative de António de Oliveira Salazar, homme politique portugais initiateur du régime autoritaire dont le Portugal a été soumis de 1933 à 1970. [52] Passada uma semana, o 1.º de maio é celebrado em plena liberdade nas ruas, pela primeira vez em muitos anos. [11], The war became more unpopular in Portugal due to its length and cost, the worsening of diplomatic relations with other United Nations member states, and its role in perpetuating the Estado Novo regime. Costa da Caparica, Tram guide After the 28 May 1926 coup d'état, Portugal implemented an authoritarian regime incorporating social Catholicism and integralism. Millions of Angolans died in the aftermath of independence due to armed conflict, malnutrition and disease. He’s not alone. Economicamente, o regime mantinha a sua política de Corporativismo, o que resultou na concentração da economia portuguesa nas mãos de uma elite de industriais. That’s how we provide great content and amazing travel experiences for you. The 25th of April is a national holiday in Portugal called “Freedom Day.” Freedom Day commemorates 1974’s Carnation Revolution when the Portuguese people backed a military coup and overthrew the Estado Novo dictatorship that had ruled the country since 1933. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops were withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea and the latter was a UN member state. Tavira, Vilamoura Overview. Peninsula de Troia Cruise ship guide Le Portugal prolonge l’état d’urgence jusqu’au 2 mai, Découvrez toutes nos offres d'abonnement à partir de 1€, Créez votre compte pour profiter de l'édition abonnés sur le site et les applications. This country was one of the hardest-hit by the euro zone debt crisis. In Portugal, 25 April is a national holiday (Portuguese: Dia da Liberdade, Freedom Day) which commemorates the revolution. Exports and tourism are booming, fragile growth has returned and unemployment is beginning to slide. The coup had two secret signals. ", "The ideals we had when we made April 25, the hopes for rapid improvement of people's economic, social and cultural conditions — that's all gone," he said in an interview. Maia was one of the captains that led the soldiers taking part in the April 25 1974 revolution that restored democracy in Portugal. It began a period of economic growth in common with Western Europe, of which it was the poorest country until the 1980s. 1 week in Portugal On Wednesday, Portugal made a successful return to long-term bond markets. The suspension bridge connects Lisbon, on the north bank, with the commuter districts of Alameda on the south bank. Infrequently it rains, but what activities are there? Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença. Where are the best areas and shopping centres in Lisbon? The original, independent guide to Lisbon, Home > Top 10 > Undiscovered Lisbon > Where to stay? Although the number of casualties was relatively small, the war had entered its second decade; Portugal faced criticism from the international community, and was becoming increasingly isolated. Some dreamed of creating a new Cuba on Europe's western seaboard. Tram No.28 Evora guide Às 22h55m é transmitida a canção E depois do Adeus, de Paulo de Carvalho, pelos Emissores Associados de Lisboa, emitida por João Paulo Diniz. Enter your email and we will will send you information on this deal!It’s quick and gives you access to all of our special deals. The Estado Novo, in turn, evolved from the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) set up after the 28 May 1926 coup d'etat (called the "National Revolution" under the Estado Novo). By a treaty signed on 31 December 1974, Portugal recognised the incorporation of former Portuguese India into the Indian Republic. As forças da Escola Prática de Cavalaria são comandadas pelo então Capitão Salgueiro Maia. ]; the opposition used the limited political freedoms allowed during the brief election period to protest against the regime, withdrawing their candidates before the election to deny the regime political legitimacy. La fête de l'Assomption qui célèbre la montée de la vierge Marie au ciel se commémore le 15 août. Gomes, Carlos de Matos, Afonso, Aniceto. Chaque année, le pays se rassemble et se souvient qu’en 1974 des capitaines de l’armée lancèrent ce qu’on appellerait plus tard la “révolution des œillets”, qu’ils avaient accrochés à leur fusil ce jour-là dans les rues de Lisbonne. When it was dedicated in August 1966, the 25th of April Bridge was named Salazar Bridge after the longtime leader of the dictatorship. Le pont du 25-Avril (ou « ponte 25 Abril » en portugais) est le premier pont suspendu au-dessus du Tage, à Lisbonne, au Portugal.. En 1960, encore sous la dictature de Salazar, la décision est prise de faire un pont sur le Tage.Cette tâche est confiée aux Américains de l’American Bridge avec l’aide de onze sociétés locales [1].L'acier provient de la United States Steel Export Company. Many Portuguese streets and squares are named vinte e cinco de Abril, for the day of the revolution. The same company designed both bridges in the 1930s. 15, Orient train station A Revolução de 25 de Abril, também conhecida como Revolução dos Cravos ou Revolução de Abril,[1] refere-se a um evento da história de Portugal resultante do movimento político e social, ocorrido a 25 de abril de 1974, que depôs o regime ditatorial do Estado Novo,[2] vigente desde 1933,[3] e que iniciou um processo que viria a terminar com a implantação de um regime democrático e com a entrada em vigor da nova Constituição a 25 de abril de 1976, marcada por forte orientação socialista. Today the level is less than 5 percent, mostly among the elderly. Estabilizada a conjuntura política, prosseguiram os trabalhos da Assembleia Constituinte para a nova constituição democrática, que entrou em vigor no dia 25 de abril de 1976, o mesmo dia das primeiras eleições legislativas da nova República. [2], Economicamente, o regime manteve uma política de condicionamento industrial que protegia certos monopólios e certos grupos industriais e financeiros (a acusação de plutocracia é frequente). Its escalation led to the mutiny of FAP in the Carnation Revolution. Learn how and when to remove this template message, pro-communist coup, which was followed by a successful counter-coup by moderates, "Why April 25th is a holiday – the Carnation Revolution and the events of 1974", Arquivo Electrónico: Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, Guerra, Paz e Fuzilamentos dos Guerrilheiros, "PORTUGUESE PRIME MINISTER (VISIT) (Hansard, 10 July 1973)", A direita radical na Universidade de Coimbra (1945–1974), http://www.infopedia.pt/$movimento-das-forcas-armadas-(mfa), "The Carnation Revolution – A Peaceful Coup in Portugal – Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training", "The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999", "TREATY BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PORTUGAL ON RECOGNITION OF INDIA'S SOVEREIGNTY OVER GOA, DAMAN, DIU, DADRA AND NAGAR HAVELI AND RELATED MATTERS [1974] INTSer 53", Grande investigação DN Conheça o verdadeiro peso do Estado, "REGISTRATION OF RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES", "Longwave (Les Grandes Ondes (a l'Ouest)): Locarno Review", Accounts of the Carnation Revolution by U.S. diplomats, 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnation_Revolution&oldid=988907521, Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt), Articles with dead external links from July 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles needing additional references from April 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The core of the radical students' struggle was an uncompromising defense of the Portuguese Empire and an authoritarian regime. A young woman leans on a photo part of a street exhibition in Lisbon showing images of the April 25, 1974 revolution that restored democracy in Portugal. "The atmosphere was more like a party," he joked at a conference on Wednesday. First, Paulo de Carvalho's "E Depois do Adeus" (Portugal's entry in the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest) was aired on Emissores Associados de Lisboa at 10:55 p.m. on 24 April. At least a revolution in the mentalities of those in charge, so that they care more about the needs of all the people instead of their own narrow interests.". [3] The military-led coup returned democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular Colonial War (in which thousands of Portuguese citizens had been conscripted into military service) and replacing the Estado Novo regime and its secret police (which curbed civil liberties and political freedom). Another election was held in 1976 and the first constitutional government, led by centre-left socialist Mário Soares, took office. Coronavirus : à Lisbonne, “les foyers de réfugiés hors de contrôle”, Le chiffre du jour. Choosing wedding favours, Ponte 25 de Abril, Lisbon Suspension Bridge © 2020 LisbonLisboaPortugal.com - Privacy Policy and Contact Us. "None of us had ever heard of an army intervening to bring democracy, surely it's normally the other way round.". Il reste 250 jours avant la fin de l'année. These changes evolved during (and after) a two-year transitional period known as Processo Revolucionário Em Curso (PREC, Ongoing Revolutionary Process), which was characterised by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. At the beginning of the 1970s, nearly a half-century of authoritarian rule weighed on Portugal. Finding a wedding dress What are the best authentic meals to try while in Lisbon? [23] A informação circulava e a oposição bulia. Top 10 Algrave On April 25, 1974, a revolt by idealistic young army officers quickly turned into a popular uprising when the troops were joined by jubilant crowds in bell-bottomed jeans and striped sweater vests. Le pouvoir se rendit presque sans résistance, s'apercevant bien vite qu'il n'avait aucune chance, et qu'il s'était laissé dépasser par les événements. In 1999, Portugal added rail lines to the lower deck of the bridge. O processo iniciava-se no fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial.[22][36]. The culturally rich museums and galleries of Lisbon, A complete list of all of our Lisbon articles, Lisbon introduction Lisbon or Milan Sentindo o mesmo, age a seu modo, governa em isolamento, faz o que pode, mas um dia virá em que já nada pode fazer. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. [13] Seguiu-se um período de grande agitação social, política e militar conhecido como o PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso), marcado por manifestações, ocupações, governos provisórios, nacionalizações[14] e confrontos militares que terminaram com o 25 de novembro de 1975.[15][16]. The objectives of Caetano's pension reform were to increase equity and economic efficiency and reduce fiscal imbalance. Freedom Day (25 April) is a national holiday, with state-sponsored and spontaneous commemorations of the civil liberties and political freedoms achieved after the revolution. This alerted rebel captains and soldiers to begin the coup.

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