échelle descriptive globale

The EQ-5D-5L essentially consists of 2 pages: the EQ-5D descriptive system and the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). Participants were recruited by advertisements placed on social media platforms, with a request for the survey to be disseminated via respondents’ social media platforms. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00282-0, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, 3. These gender differences were analogous to gender differences on the general psychopathology scores, where females reported higher levels of depression, mania, anxiety, somatic symptoms, and memory problems than males, while males reported higher substance use than females. By applying this rule of thumb, we were able to identify a cutoff value for the CCSM that took into account the global increase in clinical symptoms observed in the population as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic (22). T-scores are similar by race, with the Hispanic population revealing a slightly lower tendency toward psychopathology. In this article, we present the development and psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Assessment of COVID-19--Related Fears (MAC-RF). The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III is the current version; version 4 is due to release September 2019) is a standard series of measurements originally developed by psychologist Nancy Bayley used primarily to assess the development of infants and toddlers, ages 1–42 months. The survey was opened for 10 days, from 27 April 2020 to 5 May 2020. The eight items of the MAC-RF identified by IRT analysis provided sufficient to excellent information on the latent construct of fear (see Table 2), with values of the a parameter ranging from 0.93 to 3.24. The data were homoscedastic [Bartlett’s χ2 (28) = 1,719.29, p <.001], and the sample size was adequate for factor analysis (Keyser-Meyer-Olkin = .87). Supplementary Table 1 displays the original 16 items, their item-total correlation values, their a-values, and the outcome (whether or not they were retained for the eight-item MAC-RF). The MAC-RF could be used for several purposes. The study received an approval from the institutional review board for psychological research of the first author’s university (code UKE-IRBPSY-04.20.04). doi: 10.36131/clinicalnpsych20200203, 2. The measure should be brief, easy to administer and easy to score to facilitate its use in health and community services, i.e., only one item for each of the eight fear facets should be retained; c. The measure should have satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of internal structure and convergent and predictive validity (i.e., the scale should be positively, significantly, and at least moderately correlated with an independent measure of psychopathology and it should be able to identify individuals with clinically significant fear experiences associated with psychopathology). These findings are highly consistent with previous research reporting increased levels of fear among females (27, 28), and more generally with research showing that females are more prone to internalizing symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, whereas males are more prone to externalizing symptoms, such as substance use and antisocial behaviors (29, 30). In addition to ratings for each domain, an overall CDR score may be calculated through the use of an algorithm. The description does not appear in the plots. Behavioral and emotional problems reported by parents of children ages 6 to 16 in 31 societies. Taylor S, Landry CA, Paluszek MM, Fergus TA, McKay D, Asmundson GJG. Clin Microb Inf (2009) 15:743–7. We used the principal axis factoring method selecting the oblimin rotation to allow the potentially identified factors to correlate, as per theoretical model prediction. In particular, we considered the values of the a parameter (the larger this value, the better the item is able to discriminate between people with varying degrees of the latent construct θ) and b parameter (where high b values indicate a difficult item, that is, a decreased probability that high scores on the item are endorsed). doi: 10.1007/s11126-017-9518-7, 18. Nonetheless, the overall results of the ROC analysis, especially the positive likelihood ratio of 2.02 and the negative predictive value of 88.45%, suggests that the MAC-RF maintains some usefulness in identifying those individuals whose COVID-19-related fear experiences are associated with increased clinical symptoms. The MAC-RF is an eight-item self-report measure scored on a five-point Likert scale (from 0 to 4) that was developed by the authors of this article to assess the eight facets of fear identified by Schimmenti et al. A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. The EQ-5D-5L differs from the EQ-5D-3L on the following points: EQ-5D-5L is available in more than 130 languages and in various modes of administration. Table 1 Fear experiences during the coronavirus pandemic. The EQ VAS records the patient’s self-rated health on a vertical visual analogue scale, where the endpoints are labelled ‘The best health you can imagine’ and ‘The worst health you can imagine’. Participants were asked to provide sociodemographic information, including gender, age, number of years of education, employment status, and marital status during the COVID-19 pandemic. Table 6 Pearson’s r correlation between Multidimensional Assessment of COVID-19-Related Fears (MAC-RF) scores and Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-Adult (CCSM) domain scores. We also examined the test information function (the amount of information yielded by the test at any level of the dimensionally conceptualized construct), and we assessed the goodness of fit of the IRT model by testing exact (M2) and approximate (root mean square error of approximation, RMSEA) fit. Therefore, understanding fears in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is important, using both a theoretical model and a valid measure that would assess the fears and test the model. 20. Modifications of the MAC-RF for this purpose would be simple, with changes in the wording of the relevant items (e.g., by replacing the term “coronavirus” with a term related to another pandemic situation). This empirically based selection of items allowed us to include in the MAC-RF only one item for each fear facet, as per our quality criteria. Clin Neuropsychiatry (2020) 17:41–5. stream Participants signed an electronic informed consent before being directed to an online survey, which consisted of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the pool of 16 items developed by the research team to assess fear-related experiences during the pandemic according to Schimmenti et al.’s (12) theoretical model, a measure of psychopathology, and additional instruments not directly related to the objective of the current study. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2014.08.010. J Pers Soc Psych (1988) 54:663–78. Finally, the study was conducted in Italian adults recruited online from the general population and its findings do not necessarily generalize to other population groups, such as adolescents, people with various mental disorders, and individuals from a different ethnic background. The CDR table provides descriptive anchors that guide the clinician in making appropriate ratings based on interview data and clinical judgment. Therefore, stress responses do not always entail fear, while acute fear typically occurs as a stress response (4). In contrast, the lowest value of the a parameter (and thus the lowest discrimination ability for the underlying construct of fear) was observed for item 5 of the MAC-RF which regards the fear of knowing. To select the eight items to be retained in the final version of the MAC-RF, the Pearson’s r correlation between the item scores and the total score of the original sixteen items were examined. However, the MAC-RF displayed an adequate sensitivity but a limited specificity at the suggested cut-off value of 12, indicating that its use in screening practice should be complemented with other specific measures on psychopathology. Findings reported in this study concern the Italian version of the measure. Panksepp J, Fuchs T, Iacobucci P. The basic neuroscience of emotional experiences in mammals: The case of subcortical FEAR circuitry and implications for clinical anxiety. The MAC-RF was developed in Italian, French, and English languages (see the Supplementary Material), with team consensus on translation and back-translation of its items. The MAC-RF is based on a comprehensive theoretical model conceptualizing fears during the pandemics as resulting from an interaction of bodily, interpersonal, cognitive, and behavioral experiences. 9. Psychiatry 11:748. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00748. Thus, one of the item of the fear of COVID-19 scale on which the participants had the highest scores assessed a fear of death resulting from COVID-19 (13). Sensitivity (the proportion of true positive individuals with the condition in a total group of subjects with the condition), specificity (the proportion of participants without the condition with negative test result in the total of participants without the condition), positive likelihood ratio (the likelihood that positive test results occur in participants with the condition compared to those without the condition), negative likelihood ratio (the ratio of the probability that negative results occur in participants with the condition to the probability that the same result will occur in participants without the condition), positive predictive value (the probability of having the condition in a subject with positive results), and negative predictive value (the probability of not having the condition in participants with negative test result) were calculated to test the ability of the MAC-RF to identify participants with a “condition” (i.e., those with high levels of psychopathology). Table 4 displays descriptive statistics for the MAC-RF and CCSM scores for the full sample and for males and females separately. Rohde C, Jefsen OH, Nørremark B, Danielsen AA, Østergaard SD. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008, 25. Fear is an unpleasant emotion caused by the perception of threat, which relates to danger, harm, or pain. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha value) of the CCSM in the current study was.89. It has been suggested that the pandemic has generated intense fear experiences among many individuals (12), that an adequate screening of these fears is necessary (13, 14) and that in some cases psychological interventions are needed (15). This pattern of results on the MAC-RF corresponds to the CCSM scores, where females reported significantly more symptoms than males. This means that, on average, our participants reported the presence of symptoms related to these domains as occurring at least once in the 2 weeks before completing the survey. The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. ( ! This procedure was complemented with an exploratory use of item response theory (IRT) analysis, and the a-parameter value of each item was calculated. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) was used to report findings. Using item response theory (IRT) analysis, the eight items that were most discriminating for each facet of fear (i.e., those displaying the higher a-value in the current study) were selected and included in the final version of the instrument. A series of t-tests for independent samples with Bonferroni’s correction for multiple comparisons showed that females reported significantly higher levels of the symptoms of depression, mania and anxiety, as well as somatic symptoms and memory problems, whereas males reported significantly higher levels of substance use. All correlations between the total MAC-RF scores and CCSM domain scores were significant, except for substance use. Leadbeater BJ, Kuperminc GP, Blatt SJ, Hertzog C. A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. 4 0 obj The most severe label for the mobility dimension was changed from “confined to bed” to “unable to walk about”, enhancing its applicability and increasing the sensitivity of the mobility dimension. This article examined the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the MAC-RF, a theory-based measure that was developed for the screening and assessment of clinically relevant fears during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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